Petroleum Business Review (PBR)

This study explores the intricacies and challenges of financing the oil and gas industry in Nigeria, a sector that has significantly shaped the nation's economy since the discovery of oil in Oloibiri in 1956. Despite Nigeria's substantial oil and gas reserves and the implementation of the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) in 2021, which aimed to overhaul the legal framework and attract investor interest, the sector still faces a significant financing gap. The study examines the challenges that have hampered the sector's growth, including inadequate infrastructure, frequent sabotage, inadequate funding and the reluctance of foreign banks to invest due to perceived risks. It also evaluates the available financing options, differentiating those applicable to local, international oil companies, and the national oil company. The research highlights the importance of selecting the best financing options for oil and gas business while exploring various financing strategies available to players in the oil and gas industry.

Abstract By regulating the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution law, downstream oil and gas industries were handed over to the private sector. Bunkering industry or supplying fuel to the ships is identified as one of the downstream industries of oil and gas. Despite having opportunities, such as abundant sources of high-quality fuel, Iran has not been able to play a key role in bunkering industry in the Persian Gulf. Notwithstanding the emphasis of the laws on supporting the private sector, many of the policies have problems in implementation. Expanding the activity of the private sector by analyzing the necessity of creating an independent regulatory body, that will follow single governance at the same time as removing government monopolies is the main goal of this research. The findings of the research show that the bunkering value chain is still under the control of the government, and regulation in the bunkering industry should be done with an integrated and supportive approach with the participation of organizations related to this industry and private sector activists.

Identification of the strategic parameters of Iran’s energy-policy model; • Sensitivity analysis of the entire dynamic model considering system stability in uncertainty conditions; • Machine process including sentence-mining, analysis of frequent patterns, prediction of time series, and formation of dynamic analysis blocks in dynamic systems analysis; • Extraction of the strategic parameters of the carrying capacity in the energy-policy model.

Leadership is a combination of managerial attitudes and behaviors that directly influence indi-vidual and organizational performance. This study aimed to design a model of the antecedents and consequences of leadership in the National Gas Company of Iran. Using a mixed-methods approach, the qualitative phase involved 18 experts with extensive academic and professional experience, including university lecturers and senior managers in organizational behavior and human resource management. The quantitative phase included 265 employees from the Kerman Gas Company, selected via stratified sampling. Data were collected through document reviews, expert interviews, and structured questionnaires. Analyses employed thematic analysis, structur-al-interpretive modeling, and structural equation modeling using NVIVO, SPSS, and Smart-PLS software. The findings identified 82 primary codes, 21 basic themes, and 8 organizing themes, encompassing factors such as participatory decision-making, internal (individual) influences, emphasis on organizational values, talent management, transparency in communication, em-ployee retention, organizational productivity and growth, and organizational justice. Structural equation modeling demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7), favorable composite reliability, and strong convergent and divergent validity. The model's fit was validated, with par-ticipatory management identified as the primary driving force in enhancing organizational stabil-ity and performance. This study provides practical insights into the implementation of effective leadership practices, offering a framework to improve decision-making, foster employee en-gagement, and enhance organizational outcomes. The findings serve as a strategic tool for man-agers to promote a culture of inclusivity, transparency, and growth within the National Gas Company.

It is imperative to acknowledge the ongoing significance of oil and gas in the global economy, despite the global initiative to transition to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and geothermal power, which are more environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Following the lifting of sanctions by the United Nations and the European Union, Iran is actively pursuing capital, funding, advanced technologies, and expertise from both domestic and international sources to develop their oil and gas fields. The buyback upstream oil and gas contract, which is implemented in Iran, is an unattractive contract for contractors due to its substantial risks. Analyzing the primary risky events associated with buy back contracts is the primary objective of this study, as it has rendered this contract unappealing to contractors. In order to identify and monitor all contractual and non-contractual risks associated with buy back contracts, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies is implemented. The main objective of the study is to offer investors valuable insights into the potential risks associated with upstream oil and gas buy back contracts and to aid the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) in effectively responding to and monitoring these risks.

This article examines the relationship between crude oil trade, economic growth, and the real exchange rate in Iran from 1979 to 2023, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The findings indicate that crude oil exports have a negative and statistically significant influence on the real exchange rate. Conversely, crude oil imports have a positive and significant effect on the real exchange rate. Additionally, the budget deficit from the previous period has positively impacted the real exchange rate. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has also demonstrated a significant positive effect on the real exchange rate. In contrast, the monetary base has shown a significant negative effect on the real exchange rate. Long-term analyses reveal that oil export variables negatively affect the real exchange rate, while crude oil imports contribute positively. Over the long term, GDP maintains a significant positive effect on the real exchange rate, whereas the budget deficit and monetary base variables do not significantly influence the real exchange rate. Short-term dynamics suggest that the real exchange rate from the previous period positively and significantly affects the current real exchange rate. Moreover, the budget deficit variable in the current period negatively and significantly impacts the real exchange rate. The monetary base also has a significant negative effect on the real exchange rate; Central Bank assets have been utilized as a proxy for the monetary base. Key Words: Oil exports, oil imports, real exchange rate, ARDL approach.