Petroleum Business Review (PBR)

The legal regime of oil and gas in Iran, started with concession contracts, has evolved from partnership contracts to service agreements during its transformation. In all types of these contracts, there has been efforts to preserve national interests, through the insertion of various contractual provisions and elements. Approving the first oil law in Iran (oil Act 1957), some of these elements entered into the law and became binding. Gradually, with reforming of oil laws in different periods, these elements, have also been changed in the law. This paper is discussing how to apply and evolve these elements in Iran's oil contracts and laws, as well as determining the role of these elements in the development of Iran's oil and gas legal system. The results show two different periods. Adopting of oil Acts of 1957 and 1974 in the first period, legislative developments moved towards the completion and creation of a coherent and targeted legal regime. In the second period, after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, there was no unified approach to formulating a comprehensive oil law in the oil Acts of 1987 and 2011, and the oil Acts in this period are very brief and concise, so that most of the issues related to the oil in the oil industry, remained silent in these Acts and dealt with in other Acts other than the oil Acts. In this period, oil contracts played a more prominent role in the development of oil rights than the law, and the issues that remain silent in the oil Act, are mentioned in oil contracts of this period. Therefore, the role of law in the first period and the role of contract in the second period have been more prominent in the development of Iran oil and gas law.

The choice of financial regime in oil-rich countries depends on proven reserves, exploration and production costs, geological characteristics, political risks, and oil market conditions. In this article, contractual components of three contracts IPC, BUYBACK, and PSC are introduced using Visual Basic programming language, and a model structure for a 42-season period scenar-io with oil prices is created. Also, modeling based on the parameters of the Shadegan oil field is another innovation of this work. The aim of this research is to investigate the effective indica-tors in the oil and gas industry contracts based on oil price scenarios. The results of this study show that many of the constraints of the reservoir owner country have been modified in the direction of protecting oil fields and effectively controlling contractor's fees in modified mutual agreement and production sharing contracts, and the financial system of the new oil contracts is more efficient in case of an oil price increase and in the final years of production compared to production sharing and buyback contracts. In this study, comparing indicators such as internal rate of return, payback period, profitability index, and the share of both parties in the contract based on real and simulated data showed that entering into new oil contracts in Iran, especially IPC in the Shadegan oil field, can protect the oil field, prevent uncontrolled oil extraction, and control contractor's revenues, leading to lower costs and higher revenues compared to buyback and production sharing contracts for the host country (Iran).

The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a conceptual framework for the development of relations with suppliers in Abadan Oil Refining Company. The research method is qualitative and based on the data theory of the foundation. To collect data, semi-structured interview was used and data analysis was done by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. The statistical population was experts and managers with experience in Abadan Oil Refining Company, from which a sample of 21 people was selected after reaching theoretical saturation. Sampling has been done theoretically and using targeted (judgmental) techniques. The results of the analysis of the data obtained from the interviews, during the process of open, central and selective coding, led to the creation of models of the development model of the relationship with the suppliers of consumer products in the Abadan Oil Refining Company based on the data theory of the foundation, which ultimately provided a model for the development model. Communication with suppliers was identified. The findings of this research indicate that for the success of the development model of the relationship with the suppliers of consumer products, company managers can pay attention to the identified categories and subcategories and if they match the conditions of the company, from this category. use In addition, this research shows the need to pay attention to the development patterns of relationships with suppliers.

The purpose of this study is to design a strategic restructuring model for strategic restructuring in the oil industry with attention and emphasis on eco-industrial development. This current research is developmental in terms of its purpose; In terms of approach, it has been done qualitatively and based on metacomposition. Based on this, the statistical community of the research includes a collection of articles that have been published from 2020 to 2023 on the topic of strategic restructuring and organizational modernization, and the authors have searched among prominent domestic and foreign scientific databases to find 57 articles out of 336. They selected articles and after analyzing their content, categories and concepts were extracted and their prioritization was done using Shannon's entropy method. Based on the research findings, 40 concepts were identified in the form of 10 categories and were separated into three categories intra-organizational, extra-organizational, and environmental factors. The categories of Organizational transformation, the establishment of new management styles, organizational knowledge, customer relationship management, broker organization, integration of industry and environment, adaptability, and predictability, job training needs assessment, quick and smart thinking, and human resource evaluation had the highest coefficient of importance, respectively. Therefore, due to its entrepreneurial nature, strategic restructuring will affect the realization of environmental protection as much as possible and will increase the responsibility of the oil industry towards the environment.

The price of Crude Oil is Exposed to Various Factors That Cause Random, Sudden and Chaotic Price Fluctuations. Accurate Forecasting of Oil Prices Has a Central Impact on The Macro Economy. The aim of This Study is to Predict the Fluctuations of OPEC Crude Oil in The  long-term Using Chaos Theory and GMDH-GA Algorithm. First, the Daily Oil Price Time Series is Decomposed by Wavelet Transformation. Then, Chaos is Tested Using Embedding Dimension, Lyapunov Power and GA tests. Finally, Time Series Noises are Reduced by Reconstructing the Wavelet Phase Space. Three Nonlinear Models, GMDH-GA model, GMDH-GA Wavelet Model, and GMDH-GA Extended Model, Were Used to Forecast Time Series. Although the Results Showed that All three Models are Favorable in Terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Correlation Coefficient, But the Developed GMDH-GA  Neural Network Model with low RMSE and High Correlation Coefficient is the Most Effective in Predicting the Daily Price of OPEC Crude Oil. has it.

The oil and gas industry, as one of the most complex industries with unique characteristics, plays a vital role in the world's energy supply. In order to be present in this field, gain and maintain a competitive advantage, the actors of this industry are condemned to create, develop or acquire innovative technologies. With the change in the approach of companies active in the oil and gas industry compared to the past, intellectual achievements have been considered as a valuable asset and their support has become inevitable. Companies active in the field of oil and gas are well aware of the fact that obtaining maximum profits requires managing and supporting intellectual achievements and defining an intellectual property strategy aligned with the company's business goals. Therefore, each company defines its intellectual property strategy according to its role in the energy supply chain and operates based on it. Investigating the cost and profit of intellectual assets are two important criteria in determining the appropriate strategy of an oil company.