Oil Exports

This paper investigates the short- run and long-run effects of government size and exports on the economic growth of Iran as a developing oil export based economy for the period of 1974 - 2008 using an autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) framework. A modified form of Feder (1982) and subsequently Ram’s (1986) model has been applied to include both government size and exports in growth equation. The findings show that in long run and short run the Armey curve (1995) is valid, indicating that both a very big size and a too small size of government are harmful for growth and government should adjust its size. The results also show that total exports, the amount of oil exports in terms of barrels and oil prices affect economic growth positively and significantly both in short-run and long-run. However, non-oil exports do not have a significant effect on growth in the long run

Health tourism, as a subset of Tourism, is composed of separate sections. This industry is currently one of the most leading and lucrative industries in the World. Different countries benefit from this industry according to their abilities, capabilities and the amount of attention they pay to it. But Iran is not able properly to exploit these sections due to its capabilities. One of the main obstacles to the development of Health tourism are international sanctions. This study aims to answer the following Question: How international sanctions effect on development of Health tourism in Iran? According to the descriptive- analytical method from the statistics and data of reputable international and domestic organizations and through the following hypothesis supposes that international sanctions, directly and indirectly, hinder the development of Health tourism. The results demonstrate that international sanctions directly prevent the sale of aircraft and its parts, bank transactions and etc. and indirectly, by prohibiting the export of oil, petrochemical products, minerals and crude metals, cause the government a lack of access to foreign currency, thereupon creating the budget deficit and ultimately postponing the development of infrastructure as a base for development of health tourism, therefore, it has a negative impact and reduces the growth rate of its development.

This article examines the relationship between crude oil trade, economic growth, and the real exchange rate in Iran from 1979 to 2023, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The findings indicate that crude oil exports have a negative and statistically significant influence on the real exchange rate. Conversely, crude oil imports have a positive and significant effect on the real exchange rate. Additionally, the budget deficit from the previous period has positively impacted the real exchange rate. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has also demonstrated a significant positive effect on the real exchange rate. In contrast, the monetary base has shown a significant negative effect on the real exchange rate. Long-term analyses reveal that oil export variables negatively affect the real exchange rate, while crude oil imports contribute positively. Over the long term, GDP maintains a significant positive effect on the real exchange rate, whereas the budget deficit and monetary base variables do not significantly influence the real exchange rate. Short-term dynamics suggest that the real exchange rate from the previous period positively and significantly affects the current real exchange rate. Moreover, the budget deficit variable in the current period negatively and significantly impacts the real exchange rate. The monetary base also has a significant negative effect on the real exchange rate; Central Bank assets have been utilized as a proxy for the monetary base. Key Words: Oil exports, oil imports, real exchange rate, ARDL approach.