محمدامین مذاهب

This research conducts a comparative study of the foundations of legitimacy and the nature of the state in the political thought of Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, focusing on his key works such as al-Islam Yaqud al-Hayah (Islam Guides Life). It contrasts his thought with the teleological political philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel—who views the state as the manifestation of "Absolute Spirit"—and the deconstructive genealogy of Michel Foucault, who understands the state as a mechanism of "Power/Knowledge." The main challenge addressed here is comparing Sadr's conception of appointive and divine legitimacy, which operates through "the Ummah's caliphate" and "the supervision of religious authority," with Hegel's rational and historical legitimacy. Additionally, the research examines Foucault's critical analysis of how religious and jurisprudential institutions such as the Zone of Silence are transformed into instruments of governmentality and biopolitics in the modern Islamic state. The findings reveal that Sadr's effort to reconcile popular acceptance with divine legitimacy i.e., the theory of "Atmosphere of Infallibility" faces fundamental challenges when confronted with Hegel's logic of rational despotism which claims itself to be the very truth and Foucault's instrumental logic which subordinates all knowledge to power.

There exists a scarcity of studies examining the intersection of neoliberalism discourse, parental involvement, beliefs, and Socioeconomic Status (SES) regarding speaking proficiency of young English learners in the post-pandemic era. To this end, 28 children were selected along with their parents and were taught with the same syllabus, and tuition was waived for children with low SES. Two questionnaires were designed and validated to examine the effect of socioeconomic factors on parents’ beliefs and involvement. The findings showed that  SES has a significant effect on parental beliefs and involvement. The results also indicated that young learners’ parental factors could affect the success of these learners in the post-pandemic era. This research study can encourage more studies on intersectionality in educational research.