Ecological footprint

Purpose- Environmental issues such as the ecological footprint, are the product of intellectual, cultural, and economic factors. Therefore, it is necessary to know the variables effective on the amount of the footprint. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting the ecological footprints of the rural settlements in Eslamabad-e Gharb County with a holistic and spatial approach. Design/methodology/approach- The present study is an applied one regarding the objective and descriptive-correlational regarding the methodology. In terms of the data collection method, it is a field survey. The statistical population includes 25% of the villages in Eslamabad-e Gharb County (40 villages). The sample size was determined as 500 households based on the latent and observable variables. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Also, the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) was used to investigate the effects of the locative-spatial factors on the research variables.Findings: The results of the Bootstrap test based on the T values indicated that the variables “ownership”, “environmental awareness”, and “consumerism” had the highest t-value and thus, were most correlated. The variable “ownership” in the economic structure is more correlated with the ecological footprint of the researched villages than other independent variables with a statistic of 26.053. overall, the analysis of the direct and inverse correlations in the SEM indicated that the variables “ownership” and “employment” were the most effective factors on the ecological footprint with coefficients of 0.874 and 0.575, while the “conspicuous consumption” was the least effective variable. Also, the results of spatial regression showed that the villages in the northwest of the county were more effective while moving towards the southeast and getting distant from the center reduces the effectiveness of the research variables on the ecological footprint.Research limitations/implications- The high rate of employment in the agricultural sector, the weakness in environmental issues training, and the high rate of livestock and agricultural ownership among a limited number of people have created obstacles on the road to the ecological sustainability of the region.Practical Solutions: Directing the residents of the researched villages towards non-agricultural employment by providing appropriate facilities and support, promoting an environment-friendly lifestyle, and training the residents to increase their environmental awareness by holding workshops in this field.Originality / Value: The present study is the first to use the SEM and spatial approach to investigate the factors effective on the ecological footprints of rural settlements. The results obtained can aid the planners and decision-makers in the field of rural settlements to advance the goals of sustainable development.

The ecological footprint is an effective tool for evaluating the pressures exerted on ecosystems and the environment. Given its importance, the present study examines the impact of uncertainty in factors influencing the ecological footprint across 10 selected Asian and European countries. To this end, a fuzzy regression model was employed to analyze these effects during the period from 1996 to 2022. Leveraging the capabilities of fuzzy regression, the intensity of each factor’s influence on the ecological footprint was calculated in terms of fuzzy centers, left spreads, and right spreads. The findings reveal that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iran (+5.5 and -4.5) had the most significant negative environmental impact, attributable to oil dependence and insufficient attention to environmental concerns. In contrast, China (+0.29 and -0.23) demonstrated improvements due to greener policies. Regarding trade (EX), Azerbaijan and Malaysia exhibited asymmetric effects due to their reliance on natural resource exports, whereas Romania (stable at 0.37) maintained more sustainable performance owing to European regulatory standards. Financial Development (FDI) showed high volatility in China (±6.13) and Thailand (+2.77 and -2.34), while Belarus (stable at 0.24) had the least impact. Hydropower energy consumption (HP) in Turkiye and Romania faced uncertainties due to large-scale projects, whereas Russia (stable at 0.007) played a minimal role. The key conclusion indicates that resource-dependent countries (e.g., Iran and Azerbaijan) exert greater environmental pressure, whereas economies with diversification (e.g., China) or strict regulatory standards (e.g., Romania) achieve better integration of economic growth and sustainability. These findings underscore the need for revising development policies to prioritize ecological balance.