ناهید طهرانی ثابت

Rhetorical figures correspond to what is now called "foregrounding" in linguistic studies. Extra-regularity and deviation are considered types of foregrounding. Based on the concept, and considering the distinctions, Haghshenas makes among literary modes. Safavi, in his book From Linguistics to Literature, separates verse-creating and poetry-creating tools, proposing "the rhetoric of verse" (Badi'-e Nazm), "the rhetoric of poetry" (Badi'-e She'r), and "the rhetoric of prose" (Badi'-e Nasr).The purpose of this study is to examine whether a clear distinction can be made between the tools of verse-creating and poetry-creating, meaning that we believe techniques based on extra-regularity, which operate outside of language, have no role in creating poetry, whereas techniques that operate within language always transform it into poetry. Drawing on Russian Formalism and employing a documentary method with an analytical approach, this study investigates this possibility. The arguments presented demonstrate that, since the concept of form in Formalism is an interconnected structure, separating word and meaning is inherently unfeasible. Moreover, poetry is a unified whole, and the role of each element becomes meaningful only in relation to other textual components. Thus, figures of word can also contribute to a text's poetic quality, and dividing rhetorical figures into "the rhetoric of verse" (Badi'-e Nazm), "the rhetoric of poetry" (Badi'-e She'r), and "the rhetoric of prose" (Badi'-e Nasr) does not appear logically justified. Although it is very helpful and valuable in understanding the structure of rhetorical devices and grasping the connection between language and literature.