بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش کشاورزی شهری توسط خانوار: مطالعه موردی استان های تهران و البرز (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
امروزه، رشد جمعیت شهری همراه با کاهش جمعیت روستایی، تغییر کاربری زمین های کشاورزی و کاهش تولید محصولات کشاورزی، به بروز مشکلات فراوان در کشورها دامن زده است. کشاورزی شهری به مفهوم انجام فعالیت های کشاورزی در شهر و پیرامون آن، به عنوان راهکاری نوین با قابلیت افزایش پایداری شهرها و امنیت غذایی، موضوعی نسبتاً جدید است که توسعه آن به افزایش پایداری شهرها و ایجاد امنیت غذایی می انجامد. هدف تحقیق حاضر شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش کشاورزی شهری توسط خانوارهای ساکن استان های تهران و البرز بود و بدین منظور، از روش علمی- اکتشافی استفاده شد؛ همچنین، گردآوری داده های پژوهش با تکمیل پرسشنامه در سال 1403 صورت گرفت و روایی پرسشنامه نیز توسط گروهی از اعضای هیئت علمی و کارشناسان مرتبط تأیید شد. افزون بر این، بررسی پایایی پرسشنامه از طریق پیش آزمون و محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ انجام و با مقدار 0/853 تأیید شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق خانوارهای ساکن استان های تهران و البرز بودند که با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده در دسترس و با بهره گیری از رابطه کوکران، 245 خانوار به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از تحلیل عاملی- اکتشافی، موانع پذیرش کشاورزی شهری توسط خانوارها، به ترتیب، در دوازده عامل اصلی با نام های «بهره برداری»، «مبتدی»، «اقتصادی»، «روان شناسی»، «زیست محیطی»، «سلامتی»، «پایداری»، «زیرساخت»، «محدودیت ها»، «انتخاب شخصی»، «آگاهی و نگرش» و «موانع و خطرات» دسته بندی شدند که در مجموع، 65/5 درصد از کل واریانس را تبیین می کنند. بر این اساس، راهکارهایی مانند تقویت برنامه های آموزشی برای افراد مبتدی و ارائه تسهیلات مالی، و سرمایه گذاری در زیرساخت ها به افزایش مشارکت در کشاورزی شهری کمک می کند..Examination of Factors Influencing Household Adoption of Urban Agriculture: A Case Study of Tehran and Alborz Provinces of Iran
Introduction: Nowadays, urban population growth, declining rural populations, the conversion of agricultural land, and reduced agricultural production have led to significant challenges in many countries. Urban agriculture, as an innovative response to urbanization and population growth, is gaining prominence in urban planning. With the global population projected to reach 9.3 billion by 2050 and 66 percent residing in urban areas, food systems face immense pressure. Urban agriculture, involving plant cultivation and animal raising within cities, can enhance food security, reduce dependency on external resources, and utilize underused urban spaces effectively. Its benefits go beyond food production, helping reduce urban waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions from food transport, and create jobs. In densely populated provinces like Tehran and Alborz in Iran, rapid urbanization and shrinking agricultural land pose significant challenges. Urban agriculture offers a solution by utilizing rooftops, courtyards, and unused spaces to address food security and environmental concerns. Studies show that public awareness, policy support, and education are crucial for expanding urban agriculture. Recognizing its role in enhancing sustainability and food security, the urban agriculture is vital for densely populated regions like Tehran and Alborz. Furthermore, the development of urban agriculture could help reduce household food expenditures and support environmentally conscious lifestyles in cities. Materials and Methods: This study aimed at identifying the factors affecting the adoption of urban agriculture by the households of Tehran and Alborz provinces. It was conducted in a scientific-exploratory method with cross-sectional data collected for 2024. The statistical population included the households in Tehran and Alborz provinces, and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and faculty members, and its reliability, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.835), was deemed satisfactory. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, based on the 2016 census data of Statistical Center of Iran (SCI), and included 245 households. Data were collected through convenience simple random sampling using in-person and electronic interviews. To prioritize the influencing factors, descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were used. Additionally, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify and summarize variables into key underlying factors. This method helps identify the latent variables underlying the observed data and examines the relationships between variables based on their shared characteristics within these factors. Factor analysis uses linear combinations of observed variables to summarize the information of the main variables into a smaller number of new factors. To improve interpretation, the Varimax rotation method was employed, clarifying the structure of the factors. The analysis was carried out using SPSS 27, enabling better understanding and visualization of the influencing factors. Results and Discussion: The study results revealed that respondents’ age ranged from 15 to 68 years, with an average of 30.06 years. Of the participants, 60 percent were women and 40 percent were men. Most respondents (80.5 percent) lived in urban apartments, while 19.5 percent resided in villas. Regarding education, 47 percent had a bachelor’s degree, 30 percent a master’s or doctoral degree, and 23 percent a diploma or lower. Factor analysis identified 12 key factors explaining 65.5 percent of the variance in urban agriculture adoption. The most influential factors were found to be as follows: Utilization, Beginner, and Economic, which explained 20.9 percent, 9.4 percent, and 6.4 percent of the variance, respectively; Economic considerations were a significant motivator, while lack of knowledge, agricultural skills, and training were primary barriers. The findings emphasized the need for greater awareness, accessible training programs, and supportive infrastructure to overcome obstacles and encourage participation in urban agriculture. Furthermore, the findings indicated a notable difference in the perception of urban agriculture based on residential type. Villa residents were more likely to engage in small-scale agricultural activities such as growing vegetables and herbs in their yards compared to apartment dwellers, who showed greater interest in rooftop and balcony gardening. Additionally, households with previous exposure to agricultural practices, even at a minimal level (such as childhood experience or family background in farming), demonstrated higher readiness to adopt urban agriculture practices. Another important insight was that respondents who had access to online content, social media platforms, or community groups related to gardening and sustainability were more inclined to try urban farming. These results underscore the importance of targeted awareness campaigns, especially through digital channels, and the need to design context-specific urban agriculture models that consider the physical constraints of urban living spaces. Developing supportive infrastructure, such as urban gardening kits or training on vertical farming, can enhance the accessibility and scalability of urban agriculture, particularly for apartment residents in metropolitan areas like Tehran and Alborz. Conclusion and Suggestions: This study results revealed that the studied individuals had limited awareness of the urban agriculture and were concerned about economic issues such as food security and resource efficiency; in older age groups, women had a more positive attitude toward the urban agriculture; the barriers to the urban agriculture development were categorized into twelve factors, including economic, awareness, attitude, and technical and infrastructural limitations; lack of information and economic conditions were significant factors in the adoption of urban agriculture; and finally, people with lower income levels had less awareness, which might be due to economic and cultural poverty. Therefore, providing financial incentives and facilities is essential. In addition, identifying and addressing technical limitations and improving support systems can help increase the adoption of urban agriculture. Moreover, holding educational courses and promoting the environmental benefits of urban agriculture should be prioritized. Public and private sector cooperation, policy-making, and the inclusion of urban agriculture in urban development strategies can support long-term sustainability and food resilience in urban environments like Tehran and Alborz.
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