گذری تحلیلی بر اصول دادرسی منصفانه در امر کیفری در نظام حقوقی ایران و موازین حقوق بین الملل
آرشیو
چکیده
ﻗﻀﺎوت ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﺗﻤﺎﻣی کﺸﻮرﻫﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎریﺦ از دﺷﻮارﺗﺮیﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﺣﺘی در ﺷﺮیﻌﺖ ﻣﻘﺪس اﺳﻼم از ﻗﻀﺎوت ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺎﻣی ﭘﺮ ﻓﻀیﻠﺖ کﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ اﻧﺒیﺎء اﻟﻬی ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً اﻣیﺮاﻟﻤﻮﻣﻨیﻦ ﺣﻀﺮت ﻋﻠی)ﻋﻠیﻪ اﻟﺴﻼم( ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻈﺮیﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔی از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ایﻨکﻪ ﻗﻀﺎوت ﺻﺮﻓﺎ یک ﺷﻐﻞ ﻧیﺴﺖ ﺑیﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ از ایﻦ رو در ﺗﻤﺎﻣی ﻗﻮاﻧیﻦ کﺸﻮرﻫﺎى ﺟﻬﺎن از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧیﻦ و ﻓﻘﻪ اﺳﻼﻣی ﺷﺮایﻂ ﺧﺎﺻی را ﺑﺮاى ﮔﺰیﻨﺶ ﻓﺮدى ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻗﺎﺿی در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ کﻪ اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮدى کﻪ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﻗﻀﺎوت ﮔﻤﺎرده ﺷﺪه ﺷﺮوط ﻻزم را ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺸکﻼت اﺳﺎﺳی در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﻀﺎیی آن کﺸﻮر ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. اﺻﻞ ١٦٣ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳی ﻧیﺰ ﻣﺒیﻦ ﺗﻌییﻦ ﺷﺮایﻂ ﺑﻮﺳیﻠﻪ ﻣﻮازیﻦ ﻓﻘﻬی و ﻗﻮاﻧیﻦ اﺳﺖ. از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮیﻦ ﻣﻮاردى کﻪ یک ﻗﺎﺿی ﺑﺎیﺪ در کﻨﺎر ﻗﻮاﻧیﻦ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺎیﺒﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ رﻋﺎیﺖ اﺻﻮل و ﺗﺸﺮیﻔﺎت دادرﺳی اﺳﺖ کﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان دادرﺳی ﻋﺎدﻻﻧﻪ و ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ از آن یﺎد ﻣیﺷﻮد. ﻧﻘﺾ و زیﺮ ﭘﺎ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ ایﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ دادرﺳی را از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ و ﻋﺎدﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﺧﺎرج ﻣیکﻨﺪ ﺑﻠکﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻔﺎﺗی ﺑﺮاى ﻗﺎﺿی رﺳیﺪﮔیکﻨﻨﺪه ﻧیﺰ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل دارد. از ایﻦ روز ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻫﻤیﺖ رﻋﺎیﺖ آن ﺑﺮاى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﻀﺎوت و ﺧﻼ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸی در ایﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، ﺗﺤﻘیﻖ ﭘیﺶ رو ﺑﺎ روش کﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاى ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳی اﺻﻮل دادرﺳی ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣیﭘﺮدازد.A Critical Analysis of Fair Trial Principles in Criminal Matters within the Iranian Legal System and International Law Standards
Judging has always been one of the most difficult tasks across all countries throughout history. Even in the sacred Islamic jurisprudence, the role of judges is viewed as a prestigious position, with the highest honor attributed to the Prophet’s successors, especially Imam Ali (PBUH). Different theories have been advanced regarding the judicial process, with some emphasizing that judgment is not merely a task but a role endowed with special responsibilities. Therefore, in all the legal systems worldwide, including Islamic law, specific conditions are set for the selection of individuals for the judicial office, and if these conditions are not met, it results in fundamental issues within the judicial system of that country. Article 163 of the Iranian Constitution also outlines specific criteria for judges, referring to the necessity of fulfilling religious and legal standards. One of the most important obligations a judge must adhere to, in addition to legal provisions, is the adherence to the principles and procedures of fair trial, which are essential for ensuring justice in a legal system. The violation or disregard of these procedures not only disturbs the fairness of the judicial process but also undermines the judicial authority and credibility. Given the significance of maintaining these principles in judicial practice, this research employs a library-based methodology to analyze the principles of a fair trial in the Iranian legal system. The study examines various standards and procedural regulations that are critical for preserving fairness, such as the right to a public hearing, the right to a defense, and the independence of the judiciary. Violating these rights leads to substantial legal consequences for the accused and judicial officials. The objective of this investigation is to highlight the importance of observing these standards for the legal system and society at large.
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