تبیین اثرات هویت فرهنگی و اجتماعی توسعه گردشگری روستایی بر جوامع محلی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان بافت) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
توسعه گردشگری روستایی به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین راهبردهای توسعه پایدار در نواحی روستایی، تأثیرات گسترده ای بر ابعاد مختلف اجتماعی و فرهنگی جوامع بومی دارد. در حالی که گردشگری می تواند فرصتی برای تقویت و احیای هویت فرهنگی محلی، معرفی ارزش های فرهنگی به گردشگران و تقویت ارتباطات بین المللی فراهم آورد، از سوی دیگر، ممکن است باعث تغییرات قابل توجهی در ساختارهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی جوامع بومی شود. فرآیند جهانی شدن، ورود فرهنگ های خارجی، و تغییر در روابط اجتماعی و اقتصادی می توانند به تضعیف هویت فرهنگی و انزوای اجتماعی منجر شوند. هدف پژوهش بررسی آثار هویت فرهنگی، اجتماعی توسعه گردشگری روستایی برجوامع محلی شهرستان بافت است. پژوهش از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و دارای ماهیت توصیفی و تحلیلی است و از نظر روش، در گروه پژوهش های کمی قرار دارد جامعه آماری، 2512خانوار روستاهای شهرستان بافت می باشد که بر پایه فرمول کوکران، 333 خانوار با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شد. ابزار اصلی پژوهش پرسشنامه ای بود که روایی آن از طریق آلفای کرونباخ بررسی شد (9/0) تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و LISRELانجام شد. به منظور بررسی برازش مدل اندازه گیری سازه اثرات گردشگری بر هویت فرهنگی ، اجتماعی، داده های گردآوری شده با نرم افزار لیزرل و با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی تأییدی مرتبه دوم مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج پژوهش نشان دهنده بیشترین تأثیر بر بعد فرهنگی اعتلای فرهنگی، بوده است. به علاوه بیشترین اثرات در بعد اجتماعی تعلق مکانی و مشارکت اجتماعی تأثیر گذار بوده است. همچنین یافته های پژوهش نشان داد شاخص های نیکویی برازش مطلق (93/0AGFI= 92/0GFI) تطبیقی (92/0 NNFI = و 93/0CFI) و مقتصدد (040/0= RMSEA و 52/1= X2/df) برازش عالی و مناسب مدل اندازه گیری اثرات فرهنگی اجتماعی بر گردشگری روستایی را با داده های مشاهده شده؛ تأیید نمودند. علاوه بر این نتایج مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری نشان داده است.Elucidating the Effects of Cultural and Social Identity on Rural Tourism Development in Local Communities (Case Study: Baft County)
1.Introduction Rural tourism development, as one of the most important strategies for sustainable development in rural areas, has garnered significant attention. However, the impacts of this type of tourism go beyond its economic and environmental dimensions and can have deep and widespread effects on the cultural and social identity of local communities. The cultural and social identity of Rural tourism development, as one of the most important strategies for sustainable development in rural areas, has garnered significant attention. However, the impacts of this type of tourism go beyond its economic and environmental dimensions and can have deep and widespread effects on the cultural and social identity of local communities. The cultural and social identity of rural communities, as a set of shared characteristics, values, beliefs, and traditions developed over time, plays a fundamental role in social cohesion and the preservation of local cultures. In this context, the development of rural tourism may simultaneously strengthen and revitalize local cultural identities, while also presenting challenges. On the one hand, tourism can provide an opportunity to introduce and reinforce indigenous cultural values, foster cultural interactions between tourists and local communities, and promote cultural self-awareness. On the other hand, this process may lead to unintended cultural and social changes that, in some cases, can weaken the cultural and social identity of rural communities. In the era of globalization and increased international interactions, the influx of foreign cultures and changes in social and economic structures may result in social isolation and the loss of unique cultural characteristics in rural communities. Especially in regions where tourism is more extensively developed, cultural changes may occur in a way that negatively impacts local identities. The rural settlements of the Baft district, one of the recreational areas of Kerman province, possess significant tourist attractions due to their rivers, clean air, and beautiful natural and mountainous landscapes, making them attractive to tourists throughout the year. The mountainous nature of the district, which moderates the climate, also draws a considerable population. Despite having substantial natural and human potential for attracting tourists, the development of the area has not been aligned with its capacities and potential. This leads to the primary research question: What are the impacts of rural tourism development on the cultural-social development of local communities in Baft County? Methodology This is an applied research study, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology. In this research, data collection was carried out using both documentary (books, articles, and reports) and field survey methods (questionnaires and observation). The library-based method helped in the expansion and theoretical explanation of the issue through available documents. Finally, after extracting a list of indicators and variables for the research, a field study was conducted using questionnaires at the household level in the villages under study. The questionnaire was operationalized based on a 5-point Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of experts with experience in similar studies. A pilot study was conducted in the target community with 30 questionnaires, and the overall reliability of the questionnaire was calculated at 0.96 using Cronbach's alpha formula. Additionally, composite reliability was also assessed, and the reliability of the variables based on both measures was found to be acceptable. For data analysis, SPSS and Lisrel (Structural Equation Modeling) software were used. Results The results of the research indicated that, based on the values of the confirmatory factor analysis indices obtained from field data, among the examined indicators, rural tourism has had cultural and social impacts on local communities. According to the coefficient of variation statistic related to rural tourism, the highest cultural enhancement and preservation of traditional heritage were observed in the cultural dimension. Additionally, the most significant effects in the social dimension were related to place attachment and social participation Discussion Therefore, to maximize the benefits of tourism opportunities and minimize its negative impacts, there is a need for precise planning based on sustainability principles. This planning should include educating and raising awareness among both tourists and local residents, protecting natural and cultural resources, and promoting active community participation in the tourism development process. In this way, tourism can become a tool for strengthening cultural identity, fostering economic growth, and improving the quality of life for local communities. The results obtained in this study align with the research conducted by Madsen et al. (2023), Kofi and Bafor (2020), Dadez (2018), Shafiei et al. (2018), and Habibi Koshkohi (2020). Conclusion The results of the study indicate that tourism has the greatest impact on the social dimension. These impacts can help create new opportunities for social growth and strengthen the social identity of local communities, provided that tourism is developed responsibly and with consideration of the cultural and social characteristics of each region. Therefore, it is recommended to create conditions that ensure the positive impacts of tourism on rural communities. It is essential that tourism development be carried out in a way that not only preserves natural and cultural resources but also improves the quality of life for local people. This could involve using natural resources in a responsible manner and adhering to environmental protection principles. To prevent the negative effects of tourism on social and cultural identity, it is necessary for local communities to be actively involved in the decision-making and tourism planning processes. This participation can be facilitated through the establishment of local management structures and advisory meetings with community members. Additionally, tourism infrastructure should align with the cultural and architectural features of the region and be designed in a way that prevents environmental degradation and negative changes to social structures. This may include designing accommodations, public spaces, and tourist routes with consideration for local culture and nature. While efforts should be made to capitalize on existing capacities to attract tourists, it is also important to implement policies for controlling the number of tourists and managing tourism traffic to prevent harm to local identity. Acknowledgments This research has no financial support and is the result of the scholarly activities of the authors. It is derived from the doctoral dissertation of Neda Dehghani, supervised by Manijeh Ahmadi, in the field of Geography and Rural Planning at Zanjan Universi.
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