مطالعه تطبیقی نظام های خیریه در خاورمیانه معاصر؛ مطالعه موردی خیریه های مذهبی ایران، مصر و ترکیه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کنش خیر از مهم ترین کنش های اجتماعی است و خیریه ها از مهم ترین نهادهای جوامع خاورمیانه هستند. پرسش اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است: عوامل مؤثر بر رشد و گسترش نظام های خیریه و نیز مهم ترین تمایزات و اشتراکات خیریه گرایی و خیریه های مذهبیِ در ایران و مصر و ترکیه کدام اند؟ پژوهش حاضر مطالعه ای تطبیقی ذیل سنت کیفی و از نوع موردمحور و با موارد معدود و کم یا N کوچک است. طبق تحلیل ثانویه داده های حاصل از پیمایش های جهانی، رتبه منطقه ای و جهانی دهش برای کشور ایران بهتر از ترکیه و مصر بوده است و در ایران عضویت انجمنی و اعتماد به خیریه ها بیش از مصر و ترکیه است. همچنین، در سطح سازمانی، در مطالعه موردی، «دارالاکرام» ایران، «الاورمان» مصر و «کیمسه یوک مو» ترکیه در کلیت خود و به مثابه یک امر تام اجتماعی و در بافتار تاریخی و اجتماعی خاص خود و در 20 مؤلفه (مانند زمینه اجتماعی تأسیس، تأمین منابع مالی، مناسبات با دولت، ماهیت مذهبی بودن مؤسسه و...) بررسی شده اند. هر سه انجمن خیریه مورد مطالعه دارای رویکرد دینی هستند و نقطه شروع آنها برای فعالیت اجتماعی انگیزه های دینی و الهیاتی بوده اند، ولی خدمات خود را بدون مرزبندی هویتی و دینی به تمام نیازمندان عرضه می کنند. دارالاکرام بر آموزش به مثابه ابزار اصلی در تحرک اجتماعیِ نیازمندان و خروج آنان از چرخه فقر تأکید می کند، الاورمان بر توسعه پایدار و چندبُعدی و نیز کیمسه یوک مو بر فعالیت های بین المللی امداد و نجات و کمک های اضطراری متمرکز شده است. در مجموع، ایران، مصر و ترکیه تجربیاتی غنی و متفاوت از خیریه گرایی در حیات اجتماعی خود دارند.Comparative Study of Charity Systems in the Contemporary Middle East: A Case Study of Religious Charities in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey
Introduction The present study, which aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of charity systems and religious charities in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey, sought to answer the following question: What are the factors affecting the growth and expansion of charities, as well as the most important differences and similarities between philanthropy and religious charities in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey? In the vast field of theoretical concepts related to charity and altruism, various thinkers and experts, as well as numerous schools, have engaged in theorizing, research, and other theoretical endeavors. Among them, five selected thinkers, namely 1. the pair Mauss/Durkheim, 2. the pair Žižek/Kapoor, and 3. Singer are more important due to the specifics of their theoretical system. These five selected thinkers, in a construction formulation, represent three prominent intellectual traditions in the field of social thought on benevolence. These three traditions can be named as follows: A. Conditional benevolence (Mauss/Durkheim), B. Positive benevolence (Singer), and C. Negative benevolence (Žižek/Kapoor). Methodology The research method adopted here is the comparative method, which is based on comparison to understand the similarities and differences between social units. In the field of social sciences and sociology, comparative research can be defined as research that systematically attempts to compare social units and realities with each other by providing empirical evidence and documentation. Considering the objectives of the research, it should be said that the present study is a comparative study (comparison of religious charity and benevolence systems in Middle Eastern societies), following the qualitative tradition (in-depth description) and of a case-based type (case study of three religious charity institutions) and with few cases or small N (three countries: Iran, Egypt, and Turkey). Findings A study of the Middle East region from a historical sociological perspective shows that multiple factors and variables have been effective in the growth and expansion of charitable institutions in the Middle East region, the most important of which are 1. Human benevolent motives and religious tendencies; 2. Poverty and social inequalities; 3. Private sector reluctance; 4. Implementation of neoliberal programs and governments’ retreat from the field of social responsibilities. At the macro-national and general level, a comparative study of the three countries, based on secondary analysis of annual CAF data, showed that in the most recent data, the regional and global rankings for Iran are 3 and 27, for Egypt 12 and 128, and for Turkey 11 and 122, respectively. Here, we witness Iran’s 101-point advantage over Egypt and a 95-point advantage over Turkey. Also, secondary analysis of data from the World Values Survey (WVS) showed that in terms of membership in charitable organizations, Iran is six times more likely to be a member than Egypt and five times more likely to be a member than Turkey. Also, in all three countries, men are more likely to be members than women. It should be added that in Iran, more than four-fifths of respondents stated that they have “a lot and very much trust” in charitable institutions. In Egypt, less than half of respondents stated that they have “a lot and very much trust” in charitable organizations, and in Turkey, about three-fifths of respondents stated that they have “a lot and very much trust” in charitable institutions. Also, in Iran and Turkey, older people and adults have more trust in charitable institutions than the other two age groups, namely, middle-aged and young people. But in Egypt, young people have more trust in charitable institutions than the other two age groups, and as people get older, their level of trust in charitable institutions decreases slightly. At the organizational level, the " DarolEkram-e-Hazrat Abolfazl's Al Abbas Charitable Institute " has been considered for Iran, the Dar Al-Orman" for Egypt, and the "Kimse Yok Mu Solidarity and Aid Association" for Turkey. Therefore, here, these three charitable institutions were examined in their entirety and as a complete social matter and in their specific historical, cultural, and political context and in various dimensions (founders, target community, status of activity, method of providing services, method of communication and inspiration from religious teachings, method of securing financial resources, etc.) Discussion and Conclusion All three charity associations studied (despite being located in three different cultural, historical, and social contexts) have a religious approach, and their starting point for civic activism and social activity is religious and theological motivations, but they offer their services to all those in need without any boundaries of identity or religion. Another point is that DarolEkram of Iran emphasizes education (granting scholarships to talented students) as the main tool in the social mobility of those in need and their escape from the cycle of poverty, Al orman of Egypt focuses on sustainable and multidimensional development, and Kimse Yok Mu of Turkey focuses on international relief and rescue activities and emergency aid. One of the reasons for this type of focus on goals in the three associations studied is that, given the relative prosperity of Turkish society (especially since the 1980s and after the economic reforms carried out during the Turgut Ozal era), and the fact that Turkish citizens enjoy an acceptable level of per capita income, as well as the presence of businessmen, industrialists, and capital affiliated with the Hizmet and Gülen movements around the world, it is somewhat natural for Kimse Yok Mu to focus on cross-border and international goals, namely relief and rescue in disasters and emergencies. However, in Iran, given the presence of talented students who live in an unfavorable financial and economic situation for their families and the high probability of dropping out of school and leaving the educational cycle for such students, DarolEkram has placed its emphasis and focus on supporting and providing scholarships to these students, because education plays an important role in the social mobility of the lower classes and layers of Iranian society. In the Egyptian Al Orman Association, the presence of a team of doctors, engineers, specialists, and high-ranking experts on the board of directors of the association and the policy-making and planning of senior managers - who also have experience working in the Egyptian government and political system - has led to the association emphasizing and focusing on sustainable and multidimensional development, given Egypt's serious weaknesses in the field of human development and sustainable development (ranked 110th in the world).Overall, Iran, Egypt, and Turkey have rich and different experiences of charity in their social life.
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