شناسایی و رتبه بندی ابزارهای تأمین مالی زیرساخت های تسهیل زیارت اربعین (کاربست روش دلفی فازی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
زیارت اربعین یکی از بزرگ ترین رویدادهای مذهبی منطقه ای و بین المللی است که هر ساله میلیون ها نفر را جلب می کند. رشد شمار زائران و پیچیدگی نیازهای زیرساختی (حمل ونقل، بهداشت، امکانات اقامتی، مدیریت پسماند و امنیت) نیازمند تأمین مالی پایدار، شفاف و سازگار با بافت فرهنگی-دینی این رویداد است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی و رتبه بندی ابزارها و بسترهای تأمین مالی مناسب برای زیرساخت های اربعین، از روش دلفی فازی استفاده کرده است و پس از دو دور هم افزایی کارشناسان، ۲۵ مؤلفه نهایی احصا و رتبه بندی شده اند. نتایج نشان می دهد «استفاده از وقف در تجهیز منابع مردمی» بیشترین اهمیت را دارد و پس از آن، «ایجاد صندوق های وقفی»، «تشکیل تعاونی های مردمی»، «صندوق های نیکوکاری» و «انعقاد قرارداد BOT با شرکت ها» در رتبه های بعدی قرار دارند. یافته ها راهکارهای سیاستی و اجرایی برای استقرار مدل های ترکیبی تأمین مالی (شامل وقف ساختارمند، صندوق های اهرمی، کرادفاندینگ شفاف و قراردادهای PPP مناسب) را ارائه می کند؛ همچنین محدودیت ها و پیشنهادهای پژوهشی برای مطالعات آتی بیان می شود.Identification and Ranking of Financing Instruments for Arbaeen Pilgrimage Infrastructure Development (Application of the Fuzzy Delphi Method)
Introduction The Arbaeen pilgrimage, as one of the largest religious gatherings in the world, annually attracts millions of pilgrims on their journey toward Karbala. This event creates an ever-growing need for sustainable infrastructure in sectors such as transportation, healthcare, accommodation, and waste management. Due to the limited capacity of public budgets, financing these infrastructures has become a crucial issue in religious and social policymaking. This study seeks to answer the central question: “Which financing tools and mechanisms can be applied sustainably, transparently, and in alignment with the cultural–religious context of Arbaeen, and how should they be prioritized?” A review of the literature suggests that traditional institutions, such as waqf (endowments) and nazr (vow offerings), possess significant potential for mobilizing public resources. However, to address today’s large-scale needs, they must be integrated with modern mechanisms such as waqf funds , crowdfunding platforms , public–private partnership (PPP) contracts , and hybrid financing models . The lack of comprehensive studies assessing and ranking these instruments within the framework of religious rituals provided the main motivation for this research. Accordingly, the study aims to identify and prioritize effective financial tools for developing Arbaeen infrastructure, using experts’ insights and the Fuzzy Delphi Method. Methodology This research is applied in nature and follows a descriptive–analytical approach, conducted through a mixed (qualitative–quantitative) method. The statistical population consisted of 20 experts in Islamic economics, religious event management, and Arbaeen organizational affairs, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection occurred in two stages: First Round (Delphi Round I): Semi-structured interviews were conducted to extract the initial list of financing tools, resulting in 25 components. Second Round (Fuzzy Delphi Round II): A questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale was distributed among experts. The verbal data were converted into triangular fuzzy numbers. Data were analyzed through fuzzification, fuzzy aggregation, and defuzzification methods. The acceptance threshold was set at a defuzzified mean ≥ 0.7. Tools exceeding this threshold were accepted as final options. The results were ranked based on the defuzzified means to determine priorities across public, private, and community-based financing sectors. Findings All 25 identified components surpassed the acceptance threshold, indicating expert consensus on their importance. However, five instruments achieved the highest scores: Defuzzified Mean Financing Instruments for Arbaeen Infrastructure Priority 0.90 Utilization of waqf (endowment) for mobilizing public resources 1 0.89 Establishment of waqf funds to attract public participation 2 0.89 Formation of cooperatives for collaboration among community organizations 3 0.89 Use of charitable funds to mobilize public resources 4 0.89 Implementation of BOT contracts with companies for infrastructure financing 5 These findings indicate the superiority of religious and community-based instruments over purely market-oriented mechanisms. Nevertheless, PPP models, particularly BOT contracts, are recommended as complementary approaches. Discussion and Conclusion The study concludes that sustainable financing for Arbaeen infrastructure requires hybrid models that simultaneously ensure financial sustainability, religious legitimacy, and social acceptance. Among these, waqf and waqf funds stand out as the most effective instruments due to their juridical legitimacy, stable income generation, and cultural acceptance. Cooperatives and charitable funds play supportive roles by enhancing social solidarity and resource mobilization. At the institutional level, BOT contracts emerged as the best model for attracting private sector participation without permanently transferring ownership of religious assets. It is recommended that the government and Arbaeen headquarters integrate transparent digital crowdfunding platforms, hybrid waqf and charitable funds, and facilitated BOT contracts into a unified financing framework. This model can reduce government financial pressure while enhancing transparency, accountability, and public trust. Research limitations include the limited sample size of experts and the lack of quantitative data on actual public participation. Future studies could employ behavioral economics models, capacity assessments of digital platforms, and empirical evaluations of hybrid financing models to further develop this line of inquiry.
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