امکان سنجی شکل گیری و اثرگذاری عرف بین المللی در مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکت های نفتی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
همانند نظام های حقوقی پیشرفته داخلی که در آن ها عرف یکی از منابع حقوق و تکالیف تلقی می شود، در سطح بین المللی، دست کم تا به امروز، عرف به عنوان منبعی زنده و تأثیرگذار شناخته شده است. در مقاله پیشِ رو این پرسش اساسی مطرح است که نقش عرف بین الملل در شکل گیری مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکت های نفتی چه اندازه است و آیا توانسته در تدوین و شکل گیری حقوق بین الملل نقش بسزایی داشته باشد؟ با گردآوری مطالب به صورت کتابخانه ای و روش تحلیلی-توصیفی این نتیجه به دست آمد که مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتی برای جهانی شدن و ارتقای ارزش های شرکت، موردتوجه شرکت های تجاری قرار گرفته است؛ اما درعمل به دلیل نبودِ رکن معنوی عرف نتوانسته است در ایجاد یک قاعده عرفی نقش بسزایی داشته باشد. همه رویه های جاری میان شرکای تجاری، دولت های سرمایه پذیر و سایر ذی نفعان درراستای ایفای تعهدات اجتماعی قرار داشته و در مسیر بین المللی شدن، قانونی شدن و بهره مندی از ضمانت اجراهای مقتضی گام برمی دارد و به نظر می رسد باوجود شروط محدود و ماهیت غیرالزام آور قراردادی مرتبط با مسئولیت اجتماعی در قراردادهای نفتی و معاهدات دوجانبه سرمایه گذاری امروزه در روابط تجاری، به ابزارهای نوینی برای قاعده مندسازی عملکرد شرکت های نفتی نیاز است.Impact of International Custom on the Social Responsibility of Oil Companies
Introduction International custom has long been recognized as a primary source of law, complementing treaties and general principles in both domestic and international legal systems. In the context of the oil industry, multinational corporations are increasingly expected to integrate corporate social responsibility (CSR) into their operations. CSR has become central to corporate strategies, reflecting ethical considerations, public expectations, and the need to enhance corporate reputations globally. The influence of international custom on CSR is multifaceted. While treaties and contracts provide formal legal obligations, customary practices shape the norms and expectations that guide corporate behavior. In the oil sector, these customs emerge from repeated practices among companies, host governments, and other stakeholders, creating an informal yet influential framework. The study focuses on how these customs affect CSR, examining whether they contribute to the development of recognized international norms. Although CSR is widely promoted, its enforceability remains limited due to the absence of a binding moral or legal component within customary law. Nevertheless, companies adopt CSR practices to meet social expectations, foster goodwill, and maintain competitive advantage. This study investigates these dynamics, aiming to clarify the role of international custom in establishing normative expectations and supporting responsible corporate conduct in the global oil industry. Method Documents and literature were selected based on their relevance to CSR in the oil industry. The sample includes analyses of oil contracts containing CSR clauses, bilateral investment treaties referencing social responsibilities, and legal commentary on the evolution of international customary law. Selection criteria focused on sources that illustrate the application of custom in guiding corporate behavior. Priority was given to materials that provide insight into recurring practices, expectations, and the integration of social responsibility within contractual and legal frameworks. This approach ensures that the study captures a comprehensive view of CSR practices influenced by international custom. Conclusions The study concludes that international custom serves as a significant, though non-binding, influence on CSR practices in the oil industry. Companies increasingly adopt CSR measures in response to normative expectations, stakeholder demands, and the desire to enhance corporate reputation. However, the absence of a fully developed moral or enforceable component in customary law limits its capacity to establish binding obligations. While practices are observable, the belief in their obligatory nature remains underdeveloped, reducing the enforceability of CSR norms. Integrating CSR into contracts, treaties, and formal legal instruments could strengthen accountability and ensure consistent corporate behavior. Overall, international custom functions as a guiding framework for socially responsible conduct rather than a mandatory legal tool. The study underscores the potential of customary practices to influence corporate behavior and highlights the need for continued development of mechanisms that formalize CSR obligations within the global oil sector.
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