گفتار مؤدبانه در فیلم فصل آخر و زیرنویس عربی آن در چارچوب نظریه ادب براون و لِوینسون (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نظریه ادب را، ادب زبان شناختی نامیده اند که در حوزه علوم کاربردشناسی و تحلیل گفت وگو قرار دارد؛ این نظریه را براون و لِوینسون در سال ۱۹۷۸ مطرح و در سال ۱۹۸۷، بازنگری و اصلاح کردند. در این پژوهش، تلاش می شود با تکیه بر نظریه ادب براون و لِوینسون، شماری از زوایای پنهان ترجمه گفتار مؤدبانه در فیلم فصل آخر (1387) و زیرنویس عربی آن بررسی شود تا بفهمیم که کاربرد هر یک از واژه ها و عبارت ها در زبان فارسی بر کدام یک از راهبردهای ادب این دو نظریه پرداز سازگار است؛ این راهبردها عبارت است از: بیان مستقیم، غیرمستقیم، ادب مثبت و منفی. سبب گزینش این فیلم، وجود حجم بالای گفتارهای مؤدبانه غیرمستقیم، تعارف های فرهنگی و خطاب های احترام آمیز در دیالوگ های آن است. از همین رو، با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، واژه ها و عبارت های مربوط به موضوع ادب را در این فیلم گزینش کرده ایم، آنگاه زیرنویس عربی آن را استخراج، جدول بندی و پس از آن بر پایه نظریه نامبرده، تحلیل کرده ایم. نتایج، حاکی از آن است که گوینده در بخش های گوناگون فیلم می کوشد به صورت غیرمستقیم، مفهوم سخن خود را به مخاطب انتقال دهد و به گونه ای ضمنی و کنایی او را نسبت به درون مایه سخنش آگاه کند. همچنین مترجم تلاش کرده است ابزارهای غیرمستقیم را جهت ادب مند کردن ساختار زبانی دیالوگ های شخصیت های فیلم به کار ببرد؛ به طوری که و در برخی از بخش های زیرنویس، گوینده نمی تواند درخواست خود را ارائه دهد و هیچ یک از کُنش های تهدیدکننده وجهه را به کار نمی برد.Polite Speech in the Film the Last Season and Its Arabic Subtitles Within the Framework of Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory
Film translation varies depending on the content of each scene. One important aspect is polite speech, which includes expressions of courtesy, respect, humility, and gratitude. Politeness theory, also referred to as linguistic politeness, belongs to the field of applied linguistics and discourse analysis. First introduced by Brown and Levinson in 1978 and revised in 1987, the theory offers a framework to study politeness in communication. This study investigates the translation of polite speech in the film The Last Season (2008) and its Arabic subtitles using Brown and Levinson’s model. The aim is to examine how Persian politeness strategies correspond with the theorists’ categories of direct and indirect speech, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The film was selected because of its high frequency of indirect polite speech, cultural courtesies, and respectful forms of address. Using a descriptive-analytical method, polite expressions were identified in the Persian dialogues, their Arabic subtitles extracted and tabulated, and then analyzed within the theoretical framework. The findings show that speakers frequently use indirect strategies to convey meaning implicitly, while the translator similarly employed indirect tools to preserve politeness. However, in some subtitles, politeness was omitted, leaving certain requests unstated and avoiding face-threatening acts. Introduction Politeness is a cornerstone of intercultural communication, embedded in linguistic and social norms. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory, rooted in Goffman’s concept of “face,” provides a framework for analyzing how speakers mitigate face-threatening acts (FTAs) through strategies such as direct and indirect speech, as well as positive and negative politeness. This study examines the translation of Persian polite speech into Arabic subtitles in The Last Season, a film notable for its indirect politeness, cultural deference, and honorifics. The research addresses two main questions: How does the Arabic translator handle Persian polite speech? Which of Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies correspond to Persian linguistic markers? The dialogues in The Last Season, rich in implicit requests and cultural nuances, provide an ideal corpus for this investigation. Literature Review Several prior studies have examined politeness strategies and their translation in Persian contexts: Mohammadnia Dizaji (2008): Analyzed dubbed English–Persian films, focusing on how politeness markers were adapted in audiovisual translation. Karami (2009): Examined Persian and English speakers’ strategies for polite complaints, identifying overlapping protest strategies. Azarparand (2013): Compared structural parallels in Japanese–Persian polite speech, identifying both lexical and syntactic frameworks. Khodaie Moghaddam et al. (2014): Cataloged high-frequency Persian polite terms using Brown and Levinson’s theory. Rahmani et al. (2015): Investigated politeness and impoliteness in Persian young-adult novels, showing an inverse correlation between power dynamics and politeness. Research Methodology This study analyzes the Arabic subtitles of The Last Season (2008) through Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory. Persian politeness markers—such as indirect expressions, cultural courtesies, and honorifics—were examined to assess their rendering into Arabic. A descriptive-analytical approach was applied: Data Collection: 50 Persian dialogues and their Arabic subtitles were selected, focusing on politeness markers. Coding: Dialogues were categorized using Brown and Levinson’s strategies: Direct/indirect FTAs. Positive/negative politeness. Omission of FTAs. Analysis: Subtitles were evaluated for equivalence in politeness strategies. Findings and Discussion Direct FTAs (24%) Some Persian directness was retained in Arabic. Persian: «آزادش کن بره!» (“Let him go!”) → Arabic: «أطلقی سراحه» (imperative, no mitigation). Persian: «چرا بهم دروغ گفت؟!» (“Why did you lie to me?") → Arabic: «فلِمَ کذب علی؟» (direct accusation). Implication: By prioritizing literal accuracy over politeness, the translator risked intensifying face-threatening acts in Arabic. Indirect FTAs (22%) Persian indirectness was often preserved. Persian: «یه موقع مزاحم نباشیم» (“Let’s not bother you”) → Arabic: «أخشى أن نسبب لک الإزعاج» (“I fear we might disturb you”). Persian: «میشه واضح تر بگی؟» (“Could you clarify?”) → Arabic: «هل یمکنک التوضیح أکثر؟» (“Could you clarify further?”). Implication: Indirect strategies reduced face threats, aligning with Arabic’s preference for hedging. Positive Politeness (20%) Expressions of solidarity were translated smoothly. Persian: «دوست دارم» (“I love you”) → Arabic: «أحبک». Persian: «خدا پدرتون رو بیامرزه» (“God bless your father”) → Arabic: «رحم الله والدک». Implication: Shared cultural expressions of positive politeness facilitated equivalence. Negative Politeness (29%) Deference strategies translated effectively. Persian: «ببخشید» (“Excuse me”) → Arabic: «المعذره». Persian: «میشه کمک کنید؟» (“Could you help?”) → Arabic: «هل یمکنک المساعده؟». Implication: Arabic’s honorific system allowed natural rendering of negative politeness. Omission of FTAs (5%) Some politeness markers were not translated. Persian: «بابا به منم حق بده!» (“Dad, acknowledge me!”) → omitted. Implication: Subtitling constraints (time/space) likely caused omissions. Conclusion Based on Brown and Levinson’s model, most speech acts in The Last Season —including commands, requests, and complaints—inherently threaten both the hearer’s and speaker’s face. The translator attempted to mitigate these FTAs by restructuring dialogue in line with politeness norms. In the Arabic subtitles, speech acts were either unmitigated (appearing as commands, criticisms, or explicit complaints) or mitigated through compensatory devices such as modifiers, hedges, and approximators. The study concludes that: Indirect strategies (44%) and negative politeness (29%) were most frequently employed, reflecting the Persian originals. Direct FTAs (24%) were retained where cultural equivalence took precedence over politeness. Omission of FTAs (5%) was largely due to subtitling constraints. These findings highlight the complexities of transferring politeness across cultures and demonstrate the utility of Brown and Levinson’s framework for analyzing subtitled film dialogue.
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