القراءات القرآنية عند البالكي وأثرها في اختلاف المعاني من خلال حاشيتة على تفسير البيضاوي (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
القراءات القرآنیه من أجلّ العلوم قدراً؛ لأنها تعلقت بأعظم کتاب إطلاقاً فی العالم السفلی والعُلوی. وهذا العلم یتضمن الاختلافات الموجوده فی الأداء النطقی للکلمات القرآنیه والمباحث الصوتیه الدقیقه، مما یؤثر فی تنویع المعانی القرآنیه وتوسیعها. فإن العلماء المسلمین قدیماً وحدیثاً قدموا خدمه کبیره فی هذا المجال. ومؤلفاتهم من التفاسیر والقراءات خیر شاهد علیها. ومن العلماء المعاصرین الذین لهم بصمه فی هذا المیدان، محمد باقر البالکی الکردی، صاحب تآلیف متنوعه. ومن أهم تآلیفه النافعه، حاشیته على تفسیر البیضاوی، حیث تطرق فیها إلى الموضوعات اللغویه والبلاغیه والقرائیه. تهدف هذه المقاله، مستفیده من المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، إلى دراسه ما ذهب إلیه البالکی فی موضوع القراءات القرآنیه من خلال حاشیته. فقام الباحثون بذکر المواضع التی یوجد فیها الاختلاف الواضح بین القراءات القرآنیه، مع الإشاره إلى المصادر التی أشارت إلى تلک القراءات، وذکروا آراء المفسرین فی تلک الخلافات والرأی الشخصی للبالکی، وقارنوا بینه وبین آراء المفسرین واختلاف تدقیقاتهم واستدلالاتهم وما حصل من تأویلاتهم واختلافاتهم للمعانی القرآنیه، کل ذلک مع الإشاره إلى تلک المصادر التی تضمنت تلک الأقوال والاختلافات، وذکرِ ما اعتمد علیه البالکی من القواعد اللغویه والبلاغیه ومعانیها، لتثبیت رأیه فی تلک الموارد الخلافیه، لکی یصل إلى ما هو المناسب مع النص القرآنی. وحاول الباحثون الکشف عن تجدیدات البالکی فی هذا الموضوع، وما قام به فی حاشیته من التدقیقات، وذکر الخلافات، وشرحها، وترجیحاتها، وآرائه الشخصیه، واعتراضاته على البیضاوی والمفسرین، وإبدائه برأیه، وإن کان مخالفاً فی ذلک جمیع المفسرین. وهذا البحث حاول أن یجیب عن ما یأتی: ما منهج البالکی فی البحث عن القراءات القرآنیه فی حاشیته؟ ما آراء البالکی الجدیده فی مجال القراءات القرآنیه؟ وصل البحث من خلال دراسته لهذا الموضوع إلى تأثیر القراءات القرآنیه على تغیر المعانی وتنوعها واتساعها، وأن الصوت یلعب دوراً مرکزیاً فی اختلاف المعانی، وأن البالکی فی حاشیته یبدو کمفسر مستقل وناقد بارع بعید عن التقلید، أتى بآراء جدیده، وبأسالیب دقیقه لتحقیق الصواب وبیان الصحیح من المسائل.Quranic Readings in the Margin of Balki on the Interpretation of the Baydawi and Its Effect on the Differences in Meanings
Qira`at of the Quran is one of the most important and greatest sciences. The subject of this science is Quranic vocabulary in terms of various ways of pronunciation and recitation and complex phonetic issues that inevitably affect the diversity and development of Quranic meanings. Muslim scholars have served this science well from the past to the present and have left valuable works in this field. Islamic scholars have paid attention to this matter in independent books and have recorded and examined the seven-fold, ten-fold, famous, non-famous, frequent and irregular readings. In addition, the commentators of the Quran have also paid special attention to this matter, and it is rare to find a famous commentator who has not dedicated part of his commentary to expressing the differences in readings.
Among the contemporaries of Allamah Mulla Muhammad Baqir Balki Kurdi, in a valuable marginal note written on Baydawi's interpretation, he has researched many lexical, rhetorical, and Quranic topics. This marginal note has systematically and scientifically criticized and analyzed the opinions of Qadi Baydawi in the interpretation of the Quran and in many cases criticized the author's opinion. In the meantime, paying attention to famous and non-famous readings and criticizing and analyzing them in terms of meaning and inferring various semantic implications is noteworthy. In this marginal note, Balki has also raised other possibilities in addition to what Baydawi has examined. He studied each of them in the semantic context of the verse in question, and after comparing different aspects, he expressed his opinion and adopted one or more aspects. Baydawi has been influenced by Zamakhshari in expressing the differences in Quranic readings, but he has not necessarily adopted Zamakhshari's opinion in this area and sometimes he has considered Zamakhshari's preferred opinion to be more correct and has adopted it. Balki has also gone beyond conventional marginalia and has not only explained and criticized Baydawi's phrases but he has sometimes independently interpreted some verses.
This study examines the topic of Quranic readings in these marginalia using a descriptive-analytical method. After examining the most important differences in Quranic readings and referring to the most important sources in this field and comparing the opinions of commentators, the authors have criticized and examined Allama Balki's opinions on this topic and compared his details and arguments with the opinions of others. After criticizing and analyzing different readings in a different word, Balki has defended his opinion, relying on lexical, rhetorical, and semantic rules, and expressed its relevance to the context of the Quranic text. The authors of this study have tried to examine his innovations, refinements, preferences, and objections to Baydawi or other commentators.
Balki's opinion in this regard is sometimes contrary to the opinion of the majority of commentators. This study attempts to answer the following three research questions: 1) What are Balki's new views on Quranic readings? 2) What are Balki's objections in this regard? And 3) What is Balki's method of resolving problems and investigating issues? The effect of differences in readings on the change in meaning and its expansion, the fundamental role of sounds in the difference in meanings, and the introduction of Balki as an innovative scholar and skilled critic in this science are among the most important results of this research. Balki has shown well in this margin how paying attention to different Quranic readings provides the ground for the development of meaning and opens new horizons for the reader. He also used this capacity to express theological and jurisprudential issues, which has led him to step outside the circle of imitation in many cases and choose a different opinion, contrary to the religion he followed. Contrary to the common practice of commentators in examining Quranic readings, who consistently prefer frequent and well-known readings and avoid the option of rare and less well-known readings, Balki uses the collection of different readings in a single context as a capacity for semantic development. From his perspective, the difference in reading is not just a matter of words but is directly related to the inference of meaning. On the other hand, this diversity and multiplicity can be a platform for semantic development and deepening of the text, from which the miracle of the divine word can also be viewed.
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