مطالعه تطبیقی فرم و تزیینات کاسه های شیشه ای عصر تیموریان ایران و مملوکیان مصر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
شیشه گری از جمله هنرهای ارزنده سرزمین های ایران و مصر است و از آنجاکه بین این دو سرزمین در مقاطع مختلف تاریخی تعاملاتی در زمینه های مختلف هنری اتفاق افتاده که در هنر شیشه نیز تأثیرگذار بوده است، این پژوهش با هدف مطالعه تزئینات کاسه های شیشه ای ایران و مصر در عصر تیموریان و مملوکیان به منظور افزایش دانش هنر شیشه با رویکردی تطبیقی انجام یافته است تا به این پرسش اساسی که وجوه تفاوت و تشابه کاسه های شیشه ای ایران و مصر به لحاظ فرم، نقوش و تزئینات کدام است؟ پاسخ دهد. روش تحقیق حاضر توصیفی-تحلیلی و شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ای است. نتایج پژوهش با مطالعه فرم بدنه، پایه، تزئینات و نقوش کاسه های شیشه ای ایران و مصر حاکی از آن است که شیشه گری در دروره تیموریان ایران کم رونق اما در دوره مملوکیان مصر دوره ای درخشان را سپری می کرده است و از این رو کاسه های شیشه ای ایران به لحاظ فرم و تزئینات نسبت به نمونه های مصر ساده تر هستند. فرم بدنه پیاله ای و دهانه گشاد فرم مشترک بین نمونه های ایران و مصر و فرم کروی و بشقابی مختص نمونه های مصر است. کاسه های شیشه ای ایران از پایه مسطح اما کاسه های شیشه ای مصر از پایه ای کوتاه و بلند نیز برخوردار هستند. تزئینات آثار مزبور ایران هندسی، غیرهندسی و گیاهی بوده در حالی که آثار مصر از تنوع تزئینات و نقوش شامل نقوش انتزاعی محض هندسی، غیرهندسی و نوشتاری و نقوش شمایلی-انتزاعی گیاهی و جانوری بهره مند بوده که با رنگ های متنوع و تکنیک های متفاوت به ویژه میناکاری اجرا شده است.A comparative study of the form and decorations of glass bowls of the Timurid era of Iran and the Mamluks of Egypt
Glassmaking is one of the valuable arts of Iran and Egypt. Due to factors such as trade, war, migration, and other issues, there have been influences between these two lands in various fields, including the field of art, which has also been influential in the art of glass, based on historical and archeological documents from the Elamite period in Iran, it has a rich historical and artistic background, so that during different historical periods, valuable glass works have been left that show the dimensions of innovativeness in glass fabrication and decoration. During the Islamic era, Egypt (Fustat and Cairo) was one of the leading glass producers, and glassmakers migrated there from Islamic lands. The Mamluks, who ruled in Egypt, achieved great power during their rule, the most golden period in history, and they created these two lands separately. During the Islamic Renaissance, they gradually developed their military power and culture, reached a prominent position in the arts, and used many arts in all aspects of their lives, pure gems in a unique period of art and human history. However, the Egyptian school was one of those schools of art that came into being due to the divisions of Islamic art in the Islamic world. The art of glassmaking was one of the popular handicrafts, especially in producing enamel glass, enameled and gilded containers, and chandeliers. The growth and prosperity of glassmaking result from the influence, knowledge, and exchange of experiences of glassmaking artists between the main glassmaking centers, such as Iran and Egypt. Iran and Egypt have been among the pioneering lands of glass art and valuable works have been left from ancient times to the Islamic period and afterwards. Iran and Egypt have always been in contact with each other. Due to the role of Siraf port and the vital role of the Silk Road, the road leading to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Egypt, and the trade of artworks and the migration of artists, extensive relations were established between the two lands in various economic, cultural and artistic fields from the beginning of Islam to the end of the 7th century AH.This period was chosen because glass art was important in the Islamic era. On the one hand, glassmaking, which had stagnated after the Mongol invasion, was revived and prosperous due to Timur's actions and the gathering of the most skilled glassmakers in Samarkand. On the other hand, one of Egypt's most important glassmaking groups belongs to the Mamluk period of Egypt. The study of Timurid and Mamluk glass bowls indicates a golden age of glassmaking in Egypt, where production surpassed contemporary Iranian bowls in quality and decoration. This study aims to study the decorations of glass bowls in Iran and Egypt in the Timurid and Mamluk eras in order to increase the knowledge of the art of glass and answer the fundamental question of what the differences and similarities between glass bowls in Iran and Egypt? to answer. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, and the method of collecting library information is descriptive. The results indicate that the bowl has a long history in Iran and Egypt and was mainly used for daily use. In some cases, it has also had a decorative aspect. By studying the glass bowls of the Timurid and Mamluk eras, it was concluded that Egypt in this era was spending a golden age in the field of glassmaking, and the glass bowls of this era were better than the bowls of Iran in terms of quality and decoration. Because Iran was involved in war during this period, a limited number of glass works have been made and survived. Iranian glass bowls are made in the shape of a cup and a wide mouth with different details, and Egyptian glass bowls are made in various forms, such as wide-mouthed bowls, cups, spherical, and plates. Iran's glass bowls were greenish and dark blue, and Egypt's were pale blue, opaque white, dark purple, brown, yellow, and gray. Iranian glass bowls often feature decorations ranging from minimalist styles to relief work combining figurative-abstract floral motifs with abstract, non-geometric designs. Egyptian glass bowls, decorated through enameling and gilding, combine iconic abstract motifs, Thuluth script, and floral, animal, and geometric patterns, often augmented with raised "eyebrow" or "feather" tape motifs. In terms of decoration, the glass bowls of Iran are devoid of decoration and decoration of reliefs. However, the glass bowls of Egypt are full of enamel decorations and gilding with various decorative motifs. The color of the body of the Iranian bowls is greenish and blue, and the body color of the Egyptian bowls is varied, including pale blue, opaque white, dark purple, brown, yellow, and gray..
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