النقد السوسیولوجی لروایه «عالم بلا خرائط» لجبرا إبراهیم جبرا وعبدالرحمن منیف (إعتماداً على منهج غولدمان البنیوی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یعدّ النقد السوسیولوجی من الطرق الفعاله لنقد النّصوص الأدبیّه لاسیّما الروایات. ویبحث فی هذا المنهج عن إستکشاف العلاقه بین بنیه الروایه ومحتواها بظروف وتحوّلات المجتمع والبیئه الّتی ولدت فیها، ویتمّ نقد ودراسه کیفیه الإنعکاس الفنی وصدی المجتمع فی العالم الخیالی والأدبی. وتعتبر الروایه أفضل جنس للدراسه السیاسیه والاجتماعیه لتاریخ البلدان المعاصر وهی فی الحقیقه التعبیر الفنی عن أحداث البیئه الاجتماعیه. إنّ مناقشه بنیه العمل الأدبی وإیجاد علاقته بمجمل الظروف الاجتماعیه للمجتمع الّذی خُلقت فیه الروایهُ فی تلک الفتره الزّمنیه المحدده هو الهدف الأساسی للنقد الاجتماعی. وإنّ مؤلفی روایه «عالم بلا خرائط» فی العالم الخیالی لِعملهما المشترک مع التمثیل الفنی لتفاصیل حربی 1948 و1967 وقد تعاملا بذکاءٍ شدیدٍ مع سوسیولوجیه الناس فی عصرهم وفی نثرهم الإفتراضی والخیالی، قدّما رؤیتهما النقدیه لقضایا العالم العربی الراهنه. و قد تناولت هذه الدراسه محتوى الروایه وعلاقتها المتبادله بالمجتمع اعتماداً علی المنهج الوصفیّ- التّحلیلیّ وبالرجوع إلی نماذج غولدمان البنیوی وکشفت عن هیئه واضحه للرؤیه الکونیّه للمؤلفین وتطبّقها مع طبقتهم الاجتماعیه. ونتائج هذه الدراسه تشیر إلی أنّ المؤلّفین فقد حاولا ترسیم قضایا ومشاکل عصرهم الکبری فی مکان عموریه الخیالی الّذی لا یمکن رسمها فی أیّ خریطه جغرافیه بحسب الدلاله المجازیه لعنوان الروایه (عالم بلا خرائط) بحیث تصبح رمزاً لکلّ مدن العالم العربی الهامّه ویمکن تعمیم قضایاها السیاسیه والاجتماعیه التی هی مفیده للجمیع.Sociological criticism of the novel “A World Without Maps” by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and Abdul Rahman Munif (based on Goldman’s structuralist approach)
Sociological criticism is one of the effective methods for criticizing literary texts, especially novels. This approach seeks to explore the relationship between the structure of the novel and its content with the circumstances and transformations of society and the environment in which it was born, and the method of artistic reflection and echo of society in the fictional and literary world is criticized and studied. The novel is considered the best genre for the political and social study of the history of contemporary countries and is in fact the artistic expression of the events of the social environment. Discussing the structure of the literary work and finding its relationship with the overall social conditions of the society in which the novel was created in that specific time period is the main goal of social criticism. The authors of the novel "A World Without Maps" in the fictional world, due to their joint work with the artistic representation of the details of the wars of 1948 and 1967, dealt with the sociology of people in their time and in their hypothetical and fictional prose, presented their critical vision of the current issues of the Arab world. This study addressed the content of the novel and its mutual relationship with society based on the descriptive-analytical approach and by referring to Goldman's structural models and revealed a clear form of the authors' universal vision and its application with their social class. The results of this study indicate that the authors have tried to draw the major issues and problems of their age in the fictional place of Amouria, which cannot be drawn on any geographical map according to the metaphorical meaning of the title of the novel (A World Without Maps) so that it becomes a symbol for all the important cities of the Arab world and its political and social issues can be generalized and useful to all. Keywords: Novel, Sociological Criticism, A World Without Maps, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Abdul Rahman Munif, Goldman. Introduction Goldman's structuralism: Perhaps modern sociology of literature is based on a basic assumption that literary creativity is a symbol of social life in all its different dimensions, and this assumption allows the researcher to perceive the features of literary effects and the features of societies in general by relying on the application of the dynamic structural approach, which was explained by (Lucien Goldman) in the studies he collected in his book (Dialectical Research), which includes in one of its first parts a chapter entitled (Dialectical Materialism and the History of Literature) and (The Concept of Expressive Structure in the History of Culture). There is a third study that is considered an application of the structural approach and its title is (Sexism and the Tragic Vision of the World). The individual alone cannot achieve a certain vision of the world, as this vision is achieved in many cases by a group of individuals with a certain connection to all the elements that constitute reality. Therefore, attempts to interpret literary works in light of the author's personal life, or to depict his private social environment, are futile attempts, given that the relationships that arise in the field of literary works, or rather the relationship between the individual and society, are complex relationships, such that they cannot be interpreted mechanically, nor can all the elements of interpretation known to the author's life be obtained. This attempt does not enable us to reach what is essential, that is, to discover the nature of the relationship between the literary work and the worldview related to some social classes. For this reason, we cannot pay attention to the intentions that afflict the author's conscience and have determined their type in constructing the artistic or literary work. Since the relationship is close between the individual, society and culture, and this relationship is not achieved in the field of t
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