Fuzzy cognitive mapping

The desire to be present in religious places is not confined to any one group; all members of society wish to visit and benefit from the spiritual atmosphere of such sites. This desire is steadily increasing among diverse social groups. Persons with disabilities are among these groups; due to the limitations they face, they have fewer opportunities to be present in crowded places. This article seeks to identify the important needs of disabled pilgrims when visiting the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (PBUH). It employs a mixed qualitative–quantitative approach, drawing upon documents and theoretical studies, expert interviews, and content analysis. Six principal dimensions and thirty-one components of need were identified, followed by analysis of their causal relations using fuzzy cognitive mapping. According to the findings, accessibility facilitation, environmental adaptation, and rehabilitation constitute the three main dimensions of need, each with associated components that point to practical strategies.

The first and most important goal of investors in the stock market is to grow their investment portfolio. Meanwhile, behavioral factors emerge as one of the most important factors that prevent optimal decision-making. Many studies have identified and introduced these factors. However, prioritizing these factors and identifying causal relationships between these factors has been neglected. Therefore, this study was conducted to prioritize and explain causal relationships between the most important behavioral biases of retail investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Given the qualitative and quantitative nature of the data used in this study, a Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Approach was used. Therefore, 30 behavioral biases were discussed and examined by 15 experts, and the causal relationships between them were explained and prioritized. Accordingly, the distribution effect biases, the Salience data Bias, and the Loss Aversion Bias were introduced as the most important, and the forgiveness biases, Evolutionary Bias, and Money Illusion Bias were introduced as the least important behavioral biases. Also, behavioral biases were grouped into four categories, which in order of importance are: perceptual, experiential/informational, personality, and emotional.