dividend

Dividend policy has been an influential factor in corporate investment decisions and has been an issue in recent years. The monetary policy began with the creation of economic organizations and free trade markets during the financial crisis. These were the first examples of capital controls in the history of the European Union and had different effects on the financial position of companies. Since the Central Bank, the monetary policy council or any other monetary committee will change the volume of money by declaring and implementing monetary policies, we try to use a sample of the Middle East countries to distinguish between economic austerity and capital control and to assess the effects of the dividend on corporate capital decisions. All sample countries have a common financial reporting framework (International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS), and some have a range of measures, from low-tight measures such as tax increases to more stringent measures such as enforcing capital controls. They implemented in order to stabilize their economy. To do this, we will specifically use two factors that determine information asymmetry in accounting: conditional conservatism and the level of revenue management

This study uses spatial econometric and dynamic analyses to examine the temporal and spatial effects on three performance indicators of petrochemical companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange: price performance, retained earnings, and total performance. The target population comprises all petrochemical companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange that have been active since the beginning of 2013 to the end of 2024. The findings suggest that, while information asymmetry positively influences companies' retained earnings, it simultaneously has a negative impact on price and total performance. Additionally, an examination of the H-index revealed that the market structure of this industry is monopolistic. However, monopolistic behavior is observed in the distribution of retained earnings, which can be attributed to the centralized structure governing the management of the Iranian petrochemical industry. Findings concerning financial structure suggest that elevated financial leverage and financing costs negatively impact returns, while investment in physical assets has the most favorable impact. Furthermore, identifying significant spatial effects corroborates the idea that proximity and spillover effects between companies are substantial. This study provides substantial empirical evidence that enhancing information transparency, optimizing financial structures, and reforming corporate governance mechanisms could increase market returns and improve stock returns in the petrochemical industry.