generalized method of moments (GMM)

Financial sector is one of the most influential sectors in economic activities. Empirical and theoretical studies conducted in recent years have also confirmed the significant role of financial institutions in economic growth. Additionally, trade and financial liberalization policies have been particular concerned with strategic policies in developed and developing countries. According to dynamic panel data (DPD) and by means of generalized method of moments (GMM) during 1990 to 2008, this study has investigated effects of trade and financial liberalization on financial development of MENA member countries. Empirical results imply that trade liberalization and financial liberalization have influenced separately financial development, while due to inefficiency of financial institutions in providing appropriately financial resources, conducting both liberalization simultaneously has had an unexpected negative effect on the financial development in the region. JEL classification: F19, G29

It is generally believed that macroeconomic and financial performance in oil exporting countries is interlinked to oil price movements. Regarding that assumption, the present study aims to examine the impact of oil price movements on bank nonperforming loans (NPLs) ,as a criterion for evaluation of bank credit risk, by applying the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) on data from 18 Iranian banks data over period 2006–2017. The result of the estimated model indicates that there is a significant relation between fluctuations of oil price and bank nonperforming loans; accordingly, any decrease in the price of oil will result in an increase in bank nonperforming loans. Also, in order to have comprehensive assessment, economic and bank specific control variables were used in the model. Findings show that the NPLs ratio increases as economic growth decreases and exchange rate and real interest rates rise. Among bank specific factors, equity ratio as a criterion for efficiency and loan growth has a negative effect on NPLs, but by raising bank industry concentration, credit risk and financial stability can be threatened. Thus, the reliance of oil rich economies on oil incomes leads to the linkage of oil prices, and macroeconomic and financial performance. Therefore, the result of this study will be useful in adapting and diversifying macroeconomic policies in the face of drastic changes in oil prices and mitigating its adverse effects.

Inflation as an undesirable economic phenomenon in recent years has had devastating effects on Iran economy. This made economic researchers devote plenty of reports and researches to the causes or ways to cope with inflation in Iran. In the present study, considering the importance of inflation, it was tried to take advantage of the econometric model to examine the effect of in Iran economy by using annual information from 1974 to 2021 and by using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results of the GMM model showed that the variables of labor wage index, liquidity volume, time-lag inflation and unofficial exchange rate growth have a positive and significant effect on inflation in Iran. Also, the GDP growth variable has a negative and significant effect on the dependent variable. The study suggests that in order to control inflation, the government in Iran should consider issues such as stability in economic policy-making, adopting appropriate fiscal policies, especially through budgetary discipline, and consistency of monetary and fiscal policies to curb inflation, to be important.