Suhad Qasim G. Haddad

Background: Satellite systems which orbit in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are one of the innovative solutions to enable the connectivity in segregated geophysical parts of the world which are left out of the digital society, as they provide almost instantaneous, high-speed connections. Despite progress made there are barriers to deployment including lack of scalability, high costs, traffic management, and environmental vulnerability. Objective: The aim of the present study is enhancing the overall throughput and concurrently – steaking the LEO satellite networks reliable operation in various applications with usage of the effective traffic control and adaptive routing techniques meanwhile taking into account the costs and other factors. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative research was used in this study in which both theoretical and simulations of LEO satellite networks were used. The traffic engineering was done using Software-defined networking (SDN), whereas bio-inspired routing, including bee colony optimization algorithms, were evaluated for adaptive routing. Parameters like latency, throughout, packet loss, and costs that are exhibited to change with conditions like atmospheric interferences were also considered. Results: The results proved that the current latency can be cut by up to 60%, packet lost by up to 90%, with operating expenses slashed beyond 85% and resource utilization beyond 85%. Improved routing techniques improved transmission reliability over dynamic network loads; simulations have validated the environmental suitability of LEO networks. Conclusion: The article offers a coherent framework for the appropriate design of LEO satellite networks and discusses their ability to address the digital divide and guarantee economic, effective, and highly accessible computing access globally.

Background: The availability of advanced digital technology and evolving need for high speed and low latency connections have put pressures on the existing optical fiber networks. New technologies like the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs), Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) and Quantum Communication will be valuable towards the achievement of these demands. Objective: The study examines the capability, expansiveness, and cost-effectiveness of current and emerging optical fiber systems for the development of future Internet technology. The research also seeks to assess these formations to improve data transmission rates, network response time, secure and efficient networks’ solutions. Methods: This is a mixed methods study where both experimental and computational data were collected and analyzed accompanied by theoretical insight. The results that were compared included transmission rate, spectral efficiency, signal integrity and lifecycle costs. Specific work was done on multi-band WDM, PIC-based systems, optical QKD along with simulation studies on large scalable multi-core and mode-division architectures. Results: The article samples acknowledge improved network capabilities with increased transits per watt by 300% in multi-band WDM and reduction of latency levels by employing edge computing. The tested PIC-based systems were shown to be more efficient than the comparable existing systems and quantum communication proved to be reliable method for transmitting data over short to medium distances. Conclusion: Today, it can be stated that the advanced optical fiber technologies are of great value for the construction of high speed, large bandwidth and secure Internet connection. Their integration can reportedly conquer future connectivity issues but new development is required to come over the barriers of deployment and sustainability.