ملیحه اعرابی

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Dialogue Journals (DJs) on EFL learners' paragraph writing skills, focusing on principles of paragraph writing, comparison and contrast, across synchronous and asynchronous online communication. Following the Oxford Placement Test (OPT), 40 homogenized participants were selected and divided into two groups. Participants, aged 13 to 18, attended classes twice a week for 90 minutes each. Pre-test and post-test paragraph writing assessments were administered and scored analytically using a rubric by Soleimani et al. (2008). Both groups followed Peyton's (2000) suggestions for DJ writing, with experimental group one using face-to-face instruction (synchronous online communication) and experimental group two utilizing the WhatsApp application (asynchronous online communication) over a 6-session study period. Results indicated significant improvements in paragraph writing skills for both synchronous and asynchronous groups, with no significant difference between the two modes of communication. This research can provide various advantages for all language teaching and learning participants. In addition, the students can benefit from the results as they face problems in various stages of writing, including preparation, drafting, editing, and final revision.

Critical Pedagogy (CP) is a prerequisite for a democratic society where pedagogy empowers teachers and learners to be both socially reasonable and knowledgeable. It is a novel and rather minimally investigated motif, being rarely noticed in the Iranian educational system. Recognizing the importance of fostering critical thinking and active engagement within educational settings, the current study intended to investigate perspectives on critical pedagogy among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers with different academic degrees and language backgrounds. Following a qualitative research design, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 18 EFL teachers to provide information on their perspective of CP to identify the challenges against CP awareness and solutions towards a balanced CP. Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) as a thematic analysis approach was followed for the purpose of qualitative data analysis. The results showed that although teachers were aware of the importance of critical pedagogy, they did not have the freedom to put it into practice. The findings yield implications for teachers, students, and educational systems, highlighting the need for greater emphasis on CP in the Iranian context.