محمدعلی شریفی کیا

Harirud river with an international nature is shared between Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan and currently there is no treaty among these states regarding the division of its water resources. In recent years, after the construction of the Doosti Dam by Iran and Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, as an upstream state is moving towards hydro-hegemonic policy in the region by building various dams which restrain and divert the water flow of this river in order to decrease the downstream countries’ water rights. On the other hand, due to the high importance of Harirud water resources for Iran, continuing this type of behavior by Afghanistan might cause conflicts and create security risks among these countries in the near future. Therefore, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study aims at examining the issue according to international legal documents in the field of sharing common water resources. Finally, the findings indicate that the best and most practical method for exploitation of Harirud water resources is based on the theory of limited territorial sovereignty and implementation of the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization of common water resources by Afghanistan, without causing significant harm to downstream states.

The commission of war crimes by States in armed conflicts has become a distressingly common occurrence, resulting in devastating consequences for and profoundly affecting global conscience. In response, international jurists have sought to develop practical and appropriate solutions to minimize the occurrence of such crimes during armed conflicts. Consequently, they have succeeded in devising specialized documents which form the current international system for addressing war crimes. Recruiting a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, this research aims to investigate the primary causes hindering the efficacy of the current system in holding perpetrators accountable. The study, also explores key international documents related to this subject matter. Findings indicate that challenges such as inadequate implementation mechanisms in these documents, the prioritization of international relations over international law by governments, the absence of participation from major military powers, and the limited use of political tools by others States against the offending States are crucial reasons behind the weakness of the current international system in addressing war crimes.