تنظیم گری دیپ فیک در پرتو فقه حکومتی: الگوی فقهی- حقوقی برای حکمرانی بر این فناوری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فناوری جعل عمیق (دیپ فیک) با قابلیت تولید محتوای چندرسانه ای دست کاری شده و واقع نمایانه، چالش های حقوقی، اخلاقی و امنیتی قابل توجهی را پدید آورده است. پژوهش حاضر با اتخاذ رویکردی میان رشته ای، این چالش ها را از منظر فقه حکومتی بررسی می کند. هدف اصلی، ارائه چهارچوبی فقهی حقوقی منسجم برای تنظیمگری این فناوری و کاهش پیامدهای منفی آن است. پژوهش حاضر با بررسی منابع فقهی و حقوقی، به تحلیل مبانی فقه حکومتی مرتبط با موضوع، ازجمله اصول عدالت، لاضرر، مصلحت و حفظ نظام مبادرت می ورزد. این اصول به منزله مبنای نظری برای تدوین ضوابط و مقررات قانونی در حوزه جعل عمیق بررسی می شوند. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که اصول مذکور برای ارائه مبنای نظری به منظور تنظیمگری این فناوری ظرفیت بالایی دارند. چالش های اصلی تحلیل شده عبارت اند از: تطابق نداشتن قوانین موجود با ماهیت و پیچیدگی های فنی جعل عمیق، ابهام در تعیین مصادیق جرم انگاری و تفکیک آن از مصادیق مجاز، تعارض احتمالی با اصول حقوق بشری مانند آزادی بیان و ضرورت حفظ منافع عمومی و امنیت ملی در مواجهه با تهدیدات ناشی از این فناوری. پژوهش حاضر ضمن بررسی ظرفیت های قوانین موجود، مانند قانون جرایم رایانه ای، بر ضرورت تدوین قوانین خاص و جامع برای تنظیمگری مؤثر جعل عمیق تأکید دارد. یافته ها همچنین نشان می دهد که با بهره گیری از ظرفیت های موجود در قوانین داخلی و تطبیق آن ها با اصول فقهی، می توان گام های مؤثری در راستای جرم انگاری رفتارهای مخاطره آمیز در این حوزه برداشت. هدف نهایی، ارائه چهارچوبی منسجم و کارآمد برای مقابله با چالش های حقوقی و فقهی ناشی از این فناوری است.Regulating Deepfakes in the Light of Governmental Jurisprudence (Fiqh): A Fiqh-Legal Model for Governing this Technology
Deepfake technology, with its capacity to generate manipulated and highly realistic multimedia content, poses significant legal, ethical, and security challenges. This research adopts an interdisciplinary approach, examining these challenges through the lens of Governmental Jurisprudence (Fiqh). The primary aim is to develop a coherent Fiqh-legal framework for regulating deepfakes and mitigating their potential harms. By examining Fiqh and legal sources, this study analyzes the foundations of Governmental Fiqh relevant to this topic, including the principles of justice ('Adl), no harm (La Dharar), public interest (Maslahat), and preservation of the social order (Hifz-e Nezam). These principles are considered the theoretical basis for formulating legal rules and regulations concerning deepfakes. Key challenges analyzed include the incompatibility of existing laws with the nature and technical complexities of deepfakes, ambiguity in determining instances of criminalization, potential conflicts with human rights principles such as freedom of expression, and the necessity of preserving public interests and national security. While examining the capacities of existing laws, such as the Computer Crimes Law, this research emphasizes the need for specific and comprehensive legislation for the effective regulation of deepfakes. The findings also suggest that by utilizing existing capacities within domestic laws and aligning them with Fiqh principles, effective steps can be taken towards criminalizing risky behaviors in this area. The ultimate goal is to provide a robust and efficient framework for addressing the legal and Fiqh-related challenges arising from this technology. Keywords: Deepfake, Governmental Jurisprudence (Fiqh), Regulation, Governance, Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Islamic Law, Islamic Law 1. Introduction The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has led to the emergence of deepfake technology, capable of generating highly convincing manipulated multimedia content. This technology presents unprecedented challenges to legal systems, ethical norms, and societal trust. By blurring the line between reality and fabrication, deepfakes can be misused. This research addresses the urgent need for effective regulation of deepfakes by adopting an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the principles of Governmental Jurisprudence (Fiqh) with existing legal frameworks. The study focuses on the application of key Fiqh principles such as justice ('Adl), no harm (La Dharar), public interest (Maslahat), and preservation of the social order (Hifz-e Nezam), to the regulation of deepfakes. These principles offer a rich ethical and legal framework for addressing the complex challenges posed by this technology. The research analyzes also the shortcomings of existing legal frameworks in dealing with deepfakes and proposes a comprehensive Fiqh-legal model for their effective governance. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on deepfake regulation by providing a novel perspective based on Islamic legal principles 2. Methodology This research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, combining library research with doctrinal analysis. Fiqh sources, including the Quran, Hadith, and authoritative scholarly interpretations from various Islamic schools of thought (particularly the Ja'fari school), are analyzed to identify relevant principles applicable to the regulation of deepfakes. The research also examines classical and contemporary works on Governmental Fiqh to understand the scope and application of these principles in the context of governance and public policy. Legal sources, including existing Iranian laws and regulations (such as the Computer Crimes Law, the Press Law, and the E-Commerce Law), are examined to evaluate their effectiveness in addressing the challenges posed by deepfakes. Furthermore, the research considers comparative legal studies and international best practices related to deepfake regulation, including legislative efforts in other countries and international legal instruments. he analysis carefully examines the compatibility and potential conflicts between Fiqh principles and existing legal frameworks. This comparative approach helps identify best practices and potential solutions for developing a comprehensive regulatory framework. 3. Results and Discussion The research findings demonstrate that the principles of Governmental Fiqh offer a robust and adaptable framework for regulating deepfakes. The principle of justice ('Adl) mandates fairness and equity in the digital realm, prohibiting the use of deepfakes for malicious purposes. The principle of no harm (La Dharar) prohibits causing harm to oneself or others which extends to the psychological, reputational, and economic damage that deepfakes can inflict. The principle of public interest (Maslahat) allows for the restriction of certain uses of deepfakes to protect societal well-being, national security, and public order. The principle of preservation of social order (Hifz-e Nezam) emphasizes the importance of maintaining social stability and preventing the spread of misinformation that could disrupt public trust and social cohesion. The study identifies several key regulatory challenges: Rapid Technological Evolution: The rapid pace of technological development makes it difficult for legal frameworks to keep pace with new deepfake techniques. Detection Challenges: Detecting deepfakes can be technically challenging, especially as the technology becomes more sophisticated. Distinguishing between Legitimate and Malicious Uses: Differentiating between legitimate uses of deepfakes (e.g., in art or satire) and malicious uses is crucial for effective regulation. Freedom of Expression: Balancing the need to regulate deepfakes with the protection of freedom of expression is a delicate but essential task. Jurisdictional Issues: The cross-border nature of the internet complicates the enforcement of deepfake regulations. The research proposes a multi-layered regulatory approach based on the Fiqh principles: Clear Definitions: Establishing clear legal definitions of deepfakes and related activities. Criminalization of Harmful Conduct: Criminalizing the production and distribution of deepfakes with malicious intent. Platform Accountability: Defining the responsibilities of online platforms in detecting and removing harmful deepfakes. Transparency and Disclosure: Requiring disclosure when deepfakes are used for non-malicious purposes. Public Awareness and Media Literacy: Promoting public awareness and media literacy to help individuals identify deepfakes. 4. Conclusions and Future Research This research concludes that existing legal frameworks are insufficient to address the complex challenges posed by deepfakes effectively. A comprehensive approach, informed by the principles of Governmental Fiqh, is necessary to regulate this technology and mitigate its potential harms. The proposed Fiqh-legal framework offers a foundation for developing specific legislation that balances the need to prevent abuse with the protection of fundamental rights. This study highlights the need for a "Comprehensive Deepfake Law" that addresses the specific challenges identified. This law should include provisions for clear definitions, criminalization of harmful behaviors, platform accountability, transparency and disclosure requirements, and public awareness campaigns. Future research could focus on several areas: Technical Solutions: Developing robust technical solutions for deepfake detection and authentication. International Cooperation: Exploring the potential for international cooperation in deepfake regulation and enforcement. Ethical Guidelines: Developing ethical guidelines for the responsible use of deepfake technology. Empirical Studies: Conducting empirical studies to assess the real-world impact of deepfakes and the effectiveness of different regulatory approaches. Comparative Fiqh Analysis: Examining how other Islamic schools of thought address the issue of deepfakes.
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