اولویت در انتخاب راهکارهای رفع التقای واکه ها: تحلیلی بهینگی از واژه بست های کُردی کلهری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
التقای واکه ها یکی از پدیده های زبانی تحمل ناپذیر در عموم زبان های دنیاست که به هنگام فرایندهایی صرفی، چون وندافزایی و واژه بست افزایی، ایجاد می شود. هر زبان بسته به ابزارهایی که در اختیار دارد، فرایندهایی را برای رفع این پدیده به کار می گیرد. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، مطالعه و یافتن دلیلی برای تنوع راهکارهای رفع التقای واکه ها در واژه بست های کُردی کلهری بوده است که در چارچوب نظریه بهینگی و براساس پژوهش مک کارتی به انجام رسید. روش پژوهش شامل جمع آوری، آوانگاری و سپس، تقطیع تکواژی داده هایی است که از طریق مصاحبه با ۱۵ گویشور کُردی کلهری شهرستان گیلان غرب انجام شد. همچنین، پرسشنامه ای از بخش صرف و نحو توسط دو گویشور زن و مرد این گویش پاسخ شد و مراحل یاد شده بر داده های مرتبط با پژوهش اعمال گردید. تحلیل صورت های متناوب واژه بست ها نشان داد که اولین راهکار در رفع التقای واکه ها درج غلت، دومین راهکار غلت سازی واکه و سومین راهکار نیز حذف واکه است. دلیل اصلی برای وجود این تنوع از راهکارها، نبود شرایط لازم برای رفع التقای واکه ها تنها با یک فرایند واحداست. نتیجه مهم این پژوهش آن است که هم نوایی و ترتیب نظام مندی میان فرایندهای یادشده برای رفع التقای واکه ها در واژه بست ها وجود دارد؛ به گونه ای که این گویش راهکار حذف را تا حد ممکن به تعویق می اندازد.Preference in Strategies of Hiatus Resolutions: An Optimality Theoretic Account of Clitics in Kalhori Kurdish
Vowel hiatus as one of the intolerable phenomena in most world languages is caused after morphological processes like affixation and cliticization. Each language tries to resolve this situation using the resolutions at hand. This article aims to study the reasons for the diversity in clitics’ hiatus resolution in Kalhori Kurdish based on McCarthy (2008). The data were collected, transcribed, and parsed into relevant morphemes through interviewing with 15 speakers of Kalhori Kurdish from Gilan‑e Gharb. Also, a questionnaire including morphology and syntax‑related questions of this dialect were completed by a male and a female speaker of this dialect. After the analysis of the alternating forms of clitics, insertion, glide formation, and deletion were revealed to be the primary, secondary, and tertiary strategies for resolving vowel hiatus. This diversity mainly happens when the conditions for each of these processes are not met, and the hiatus cannot be resolved by only one strategy. Therefore, the important conclusion of this research is that there is a systematic order in the conspiracy and application of the aforementioned processes in this dialect to resolve vowel hiatus in such a way that the deletion strategy is adopted as the last resort. Introduction During affixation and cliticization, when a vowel-initial clitic attaches to a vowel-final host, vowel hiatus occurs—a phenomenon that is generally disfavored across languages. To resolve this, languages employ various strategies such as deletion, insertion, glide formation, coalescence, and morph movement. In Kalhori Kurdish, this issue is resolved through different phonological processes. The present study investigates the strategies adopted in this dialect to resolve vowel hiatus, within the framework of Parallel Optimality Theory. The aim is to identify non-faithful mappings of clitics in the context of vowel hiatus, in order to determine which markedness constraint dominates which faithfulness constraint to avoid hiatus. A secondary objective is to explore whether the variation in these strategies can be attributed to factors such as conspiracy, and whether the application of these processes follows a particular hierarchy of preference. Most importantly, this study seeks to uncover why multiple strategies are employed to resolve a single phonological issue—vowel hiatus. Literature Review Optimality Theory (OT) addresses generalizations and shared goals of linguistic processes. It was first introduced in the early 1990s by Prince & Smolensky (2004). According to this theory, a language is composed of a set of universal, violable constraints, and differences among languages are explained by the ranking of these constraints. Since vowel hiatus is dispreferred in many Iranian languages and its resolution leads to allomorphy in morphemes, various studies have focused on this topic. Among the studies on Kurdish, one may refer to Fattahi (2014), Badakhshan & Zamani (2014), and Fattahi & Choubsaz (2016). Other relevant studies on different Iranian languages include Razinejad (2019), Khorram et al. (2023), and Jam (2023). Methodology Data collection and analysis were carried out through 12 hours of interviews with 15 Kalhori Kurdish speakers from the city of Gilan-e Gharb. After recording the data using an Olympus recorder, they were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), segmented morphologically and syllabically, and the alternating forms were extracted. Additionally, a questionnaire focusing on Kalhori Kurdish morphology and syntax was completed by one male and one female native speaker. Valuable data were obtained through this method as well. Results A general analysis of the alternating forms of clitics revealed that the processes used to resolve vowel hiatus in these morphemes include insertion, glide formation, and deletion, and that these strategies follow a specific hierarchy. Evidence showed that the highest priority in resolving vowel hiatus is inserting a glide corresponding to V 1 . In the framework of Optimality Theory, this implies the dominance of the markedness constraint Onset over the faithfulness constraint Dep G (V 1 ). If a corresponding glide for V 1 is not present in the phonological system of the dialect, glide formation of V 2 serves as the second strategy. This corresponds to the optimal candidate violating the faithfulness constraint Ident (V 2 ) in favor of satisfying Onset—in other words, Onset dominates Ident (V 2 ). Data related to deletion indicated that deletion is the third and last strategy, used only when neither of the previous strategies—glide insertion or glide formation—is applicable; that is, when there is no corresponding glide for either V 1 or V 2 . In such cases, deleting the clitic vowel implies that Onset dominates the constraint Max lex . The three tableaux below represent these constraint interactions for insertion, glide formation, and deletion respectively. Investigating the hierarchy of these strategies led to the discovery of more constraints and more complex dominance relations, the results of which are shown in these tableaux. Onset, Dep g (v 2 )>> Dep g (v 1 ) Dep g (v 1 ) Dep g (v 2 ) Onset /rɑzi‑y/ * a.F rɑ.zi.jy *W b. rɑ.zi.y *W c. rɑ.zi.ɥy Onset, Ident (v 1 )>> Ident (v 2 ) Ident (v 2 ) Ident (v 1 ) Onset /ɡowrɑ‑id/ * a.F ɡow.rɑjd L *W b. ɡow.rɑ.id L *W c. ɡow.rɑ̯id Max (V [ +low] ) LEX , Max lex >> Ident (v 2 )>> Dep g (v 1 ) /ɡowrɑ‑id/ Onset * Dep g (v 2 ) Max(v [+low] ) lex Max lex Id(v 2 ) Dep g(v 1 ) a.F ɡow.rɑjd * b. ɡow.rɑ.ɑ̯id *W L *W c. ɡow.rid *W *W L d. ɡow.rɑd *W L e. ɡow.rɑ.jid *W L f. ɡow.rɑ.id *W L Onset, * Dep g (v2) >> MAX (V [ +low] ) lex , Max lex >> Ident (v2)>> Dep g (v1) /xɑɫu‑id/ Onset * Dep g (v 2 ) Max (v [+low] ) lex Max lex Id (v 2 ) Dep g (v 1 ) a.F xɑ.ɫu.wid * b. xɑ.ɫujd *W L c. xɑ.ɫud *W L d. xɑ.ɫu.jid *W L /ɡowrɑ‑id/ a.F ɡow.rɑjd * b. ɡow.rɑ.ɑ̯id *W L *W c. ɡow.rid *W *W L d. ɡow.rɑd *W L e. ɡow.rɑ.id *W L f. ɡow.rɑ.jid *W L /mɑˈɫæ‑æɡæ/ a.F mɑ.ˈɫæ.ɡæ * * b. mɑ.ˈɫææ̯.ɡæ *W L L *W c. mɑ.ˈɫæ.æ.ɡæ *W L L d.mɑ.ˈɫæ. æ̯æ.ɡæ *W *W L L Conclusion The study of strategies for resolving vowel hiatus in Kalhori Kurdish clitics led us to the conclusion that the first priority for these morphemes, when encountering vowel hiatus, is the insertion of a glide corresponding to V 1 . Further investigation revealed that glide insertion is not always a viable solution, since some of the vowels involved in the hiatus do not have corresponding glides in Kalhori Kurdish. Therefore, the second strategy is to convert V 2 into its corresponding glide. However, as stated earlier, not all vowels in Kalhori Kurdish have corresponding glides, making glide formation impossible in certain cases. As a result, the third strategy is the deletion of one of the vowels involved in the hiatus. Although the preference is to delete the non-low vowel, in sequences like /ɑæ/, /æe/, /ææ/, /ɑe/, the deletion of a low vowel becomes inevitable. Based on the evidence gathered, it can be concluded that there is a hierarchy and conspiracy among the processes of insertion, glide formation, and deletion in resolving vowel hiatus. The Hasse diagram below displays all the constraints discovered and the dominance relations among them.
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