مطالعه تطبیقی عدم تقارن مبدأ و هدف حرکت در زبان فارسی، آلمانی و لهستانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در اغلب زبان های دنیا پدیده عدم تقارن بین مبدأ و هدف حرکت در سطوح مختلف زبانی اعم از ساختواژی، نحوی، واژگانی و غیره به چشم می خورد. در این پژوهش، فرضیه عدم تقارن بین مبدأ و هدف حرکت در زبان فارسی، آلمانی و لهستانی به صورت تطبیقی مورد سنجش قرار گرفته و بدین منظور، از مجموعه ای ویدئوکلیپ استفاده شده است. لازم به توضیح است که زبان فارسی عمدتاً مسیر حرکت را بیرون از ستاک فعل توسط قمرها بیان می کند که این موضوع درخصوصِ مبدأ و هدف حرکت صدق می کند. بنابراین، زبان فارسی از این حیث جزء زبان های قمرقالب رده بندی می شود. در این تحقیق، زبان فارسی را با دو زبان دیگر یعنی آلمانی و لهستانی که آن ها نیز این مقوله ها را بیرون از ستاک فعلی رمزگذاری می کنند، از حیث نحوه رمزگذاری مبدأ و هدف حرکت در مواردی متعدد مقایسه کرده ایم. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که در زبان فارسی فرضیه عدم تقارن بین مبدأ و هدف حرکت در سطوح واژگانی و تمایزات معنایی به اشکال مختلف مشاهده می شود. بنابراین، اگرچه هر سه زبان مورد بحث دارای الگوی واژگانی قمرقالب درخصوصِ رمزگذاری مسیر هستند، اما در مورد تقارن بین مبدأ و هدف حرکت، الزاماً به یک شیوه عمل نمی کنند و این موضوع بیانگر تفاوت های درون زبانی زبان های دنیا صرف نظر از گرایش رده شناختی کلی آن ها (قمرقالب، فعل قالب و غیره) است.A Comparative Study of Source-Goal Asymmetry in Motion Events in Persian, German, and Polish
As mentioned in previous studies, in most languages of the world, the Source-Goal asymmetry can be observed at different linguistic levels, such as morphosyntactic, syntactic, and lexical. In this research, the Goal-over-Source Predominance Hypothesis was comparatively investigated in Persian, German, and Polish. To this end, we used a series of video clips. It is worth mentioning that the Persian language mainly encodes the path of motion outside the verb root using satellites, which applies to both the source and goal of motion. Therefore, as far as the path is taken into account, the Persian language is typologically classified as a satellite-framed language. In this research, Persian was purposefully compared with two other languages, i.e., German and Polish, which similarly encode the path component outside the verb root. The results of this research showed that in the Persian language, the Goal-over-Source Predominance Hypothesis can be observed in lexical levels as well as semantic distinctions in divergent forms. Therefore, although all three discussed languages show a satellite-framed lexicalization pattern regarding path encoding, they do not necessarily show the same patterns regarding the asymmetry between the source and the goal components. This confirms the intra-linguistic differences of the languages of the world regardless of their lexicalization patterns (i.e., satellite-framed, verb-framed, etc.). Introduction A motion event typically comprises four conceptual components: the figure (object), the object’s motion, the path along which the figure moves, and the ground (reference frame), relative to which the motion occurs (Talmy, 2000: p. 25). The path component can be schematized into three phases: the initial phase (or source), the medial phase, and the final phase (or goal). These phases may be inherently expressed through verb semantics or explicitly via verb satellites or prepositional phrases. This study adopts the framework of Fagard & Kupka (2021), which examines motion events in German and Polish, to analyze Persian data and address the following questions: How are simple paths (with one Ground) and complex paths (with two or more Grounds) encoded in Persian compared to German and Polish? Does Persian—a satellite-framed language in terms of path encoding—behave similarly to German and Polish (also satellite-framed) in the semantic encoding of goal and source components? Which phase of a motion event (initial or final) do Persian speakers prioritize in their descriptions? Literature Review As Sarda & Fagard (2022) note, the asymmetry in motion events often reflects the tendency for goal prepositional phrases to be expressed more frequently than source phrases. Prior studies have tested this hypothesis using scenarios depicted by medial verbs. Syntactically, Nam (2004) claims that in English, goals are typically mapped onto subjects, while sources prefer adjunct positions, each exhibiting distinct properties in locative alternation. However, other studies on syntax-semantics interactions reveal that this asymmetry is not uniform across all motion verbs but is instead verb-specific. At the pragmatic level, parts of the path may remain unexpressed due to additional cognitive and communicative costs, contradicting Gricean maxims (Grice, 1989). Talmy’s window of attention concept highlights that certain components may be foregrounded (explicitly mentioned), while others remain backgrounded (implicit). Methodology Following Kupka & Willemet (2021), we employed the standardized Path project video clips (Ishibashi et al., 2006) to examine self-agentive motion events and the goal-source asymmetry. These clips depict motion events (e.g., walking into a forest, exiting a cave, or crossing a bridge) and include: (a) 2 training clips, (b) 55 motion-event clips, and (c) 19 filler clips showing other activities. We selected specific clips for Persian analysis to ensure comparability with German and Polish data (Fagard & Kupka, 2021). Conclusion This study investigated the encoding of source, goal, and medial path in Persian compared to German and Polish. Key findings include: Persian employs various strategies (satellites, adverbs, prepositions) for path encoding. Like German, Persian uses verbs of motion such as ‘come’ and ‘go’ for path but resembles Polish in its limited use of path verbs for source/goal encoding. For complex paths, Persian speakers typically encode source and goal in separate clauses, adhering to temporal order (source-before-goal order), aligning with German and Polish. Persian speakers, like German and Polish speakers, show a strong preference for explicit Ground encoding, particularly for goal-oriented events. In complex paths, Persian tends to encode two Grounds in source-goal sequences, suggesting a typological commonality among the three languages.
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