آرشیو

آرشیو شماره‌ها:
۲۹

چکیده

عطار نیشابوری، شاعر برجسته و عارف نامدار سده ششم و هفتم هجری، مضامین متعالی عرفانی را با بهره گیری از نماد و رمز در آثار خویش بازتاب داده است. از مهم ترین این آثار، منظومه فاخر منطق الطیر است که با شبکه ای پیچیده از تلمیحات دینی و عرفانی در پیوند است. از آنجا که تلمیح نقشی محوری در انتقال مفاهیم عرفانی دارد، عطار آن را در قالب رمز و نماد به کار می گیرد تا پیام های تربیتی و حکمی او در جان مخاطب نفوذ کند. این شاهکار ادبی به زبان های متعددی از جمله عربی ترجمه شده است. تاکنون سه ترجمه عربی از این منظومه به قلم احمد ناجی القیسی، بدیع محمد جمعه و علی عباس زلیخه منتشر شده که بازگردانی صحیح تلمیحات و رموز آن، مهم ترین چالش مترجمان به شمار می آید. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد توصیفی تحلیلی و بر اساس مدل لپیهالم به بررسی کیفیت بازگردانی تلمیحات نمادین در این سه ترجمه پرداخته است. برای دستیابی به نتایج، ۶۵ بیت آغازین با عنوان «سخنی با مرغان» به دلیل فراوانی تلمیحات به عنوان پیکره پژوهش انتخاب شد. یافته ها نشان می دهد که تنها ناجی القیسی به لایه های نهفته در تلمیحات نمادین توجه داشته و کوشیده است معادل های مناسبی برای آن ها ارائه دهد. در مقابل، بدیع جمعه صرفا به برخی تلمیحات داستانی یا قرآنی در پانویس اشاره کرده و زلیخه بدون هرگونه توضیح، به بازگردانی تحت اللفظی بسنده کرده است. بر این اساس، می توان گفت، بر پایه مدل لپیهالم، ترجمه ناجی القیسی در مقایسه با دو ترجمه دیگر از کارآمدی و دقت بیشتری در انتقال ابعاد نمادین تلمیحات برخوردار است.

Quality Measurement of Translation of Symbolic Allusions in Arabic Translations of Mantiq Al- Tayr Based on the Leppihalme Model

Attar of Nishapur (Farid al-Din Attar), a renowned poet–mystic of the 6th–7th centuries AH, articulates profound mystical themes through symbols and allusions. Among his works, Mantiq al-Tayr ( The Conference of the Birds ) is closely tied to religious and Sufi symbolism. It has been translated into several languages, including Arabic. This study evaluates three Arabic translations—by Ahmad Naji al-Qaisi, Badie Muhammad Juma, and Ali Abbas Zuleikha—focusing on the challenge of rendering hints and allusions. Using Ritva Leppihalme’s model, we assess allusion-translation strategies in a descriptive framework. Given the scope of the poem, we analyze the first 65 verses (“A Conversation with the Birds”), which are especially dense with allusions and symbols. Findings indicate that only al-Qaisi consistently attends to the meanings embedded in symbolic allusions and selects suitable equivalents. Introduction A successful translation enables target readers to comprehend the text readily and grasp its nuances. To achieve this, translators must be conversant with the linguistic techniques and cultural concepts of both source and target languages. Among these techniques, allusions are particularly demanding: their translation requires deep cultural knowledge and sensitivity to intertextual cues. Attar employs allusions and symbols extensively, notably in Mantiq al-Tayr . When translators overlook this symbolic dimension, the text’s concealed meanings become opaque, and readers may lose both nuance and clarity. Leppihalme’s widely used model offers practical solutions for rendering allusions. This study addresses two questions: (1) Which Arabic translation most successfully renders the allusions in the selected verses? (2) Which of Leppihalme’s strategies occurs most frequently in these translations of Mantiq al-Tayr ? Research background A doctoral thesis completed at the University of Tehran (2017), “Review and Critique of the Arabic Translations of Attar’s Mantiq al-Tayr by Ahmad al-Qaisi and Badi Juma,” examined manipulation and rhetorical devices, concluding that both translators misinterpreted numerous ironies and metaphors. A 2010 article, “T. S. Eliot’s Poems in Persian: A Case Study of Talmih (Allusion) Translation,” analyzed sixteen Persian translations of four Eliot poems using Kristeva’s intertextuality and Leppihalme’s model. Another study (2012), “Meaning Transfer and Intertextuality Based on Leppihalme’s Model,” investigated proper-name and key-phrase allusions in Ahmad Matar’s poems. To date, however, no research has examined the Arabic translations of Mantiq al-Tayr ’s symbolic allusions specifically through Leppihalme’s framework; the present study is therefore novel in this respect. Research method Because Leppihalme’s model comprises two parts with multiple subcategories, this study focuses— for concision—on key allusive phrases. We employ a descriptive–analytical approach to examine the allusions in the first 65 verses of the opening poem of Mantiq al-Tayr , titled “A Conversation with the Birds.” We then analyze their rendering in three Arabic translations—Ahmad Naji al-Qaisi (1969), Badie Muhammad Juma (2002), and Ali Abbas Zuleikha (2021)—and evaluate each translator’s performance. Conclusion Leppihalme’s model identifies several methods for translating allusions, including strategies for proper names and key phrases. In translating Mantiq al-Tayr , concise descriptions of historical and Qur’anic references and brief explanations of symbolic meanings in footnotes proved the most effective means of conveying symbolic allusions. Ahmad Naji al-Qaisi consistently flags such references in footnotes, drawing readers’ attention to Qur’anic allusions and latent meanings; he does so by consulting commentaries (e.g., Goharin and Mashkur) and works on Qur’anic narratives. As a result, his translation surpasses the other two in handling allusions, relying primarily on descriptive footnotes in line with Leppihalme’s model. By contrast, Zuleikha’s translation lacks explanatory notes, tends toward literal rendering, and occasionally misinterprets terms, which obscures allusive content.

تبلیغات