ارزیابی ترجمه کلیله و دمنه بر اساس نظریه اسکوپوس (مطالعه موردی: ترجمه مرعشی پور) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
خوانش تأثیر معیارهای نظریه اسکوپوس (skopos) در ترجمه فارسی کلیله و دمنه از موضوعات زبان شناسی است و معیارهای آن، تأثیری فراوان در رساندن معنا و حفظ استقلال دو زبان دارد. طبق هدف هانس ورمیر آلمانی، هر مترجمی باید طبق این نظریه، ترجمه کند تا به شایستگی، معنا را رسانده و استقلال و انسجام هر دو زبان نیز حفظ گردد. در این جستار، بر اساس این الگو و با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، ترجمه فارسی مرعشی پور از کلیله و دمنه ارزیابی شده است. از جمله نتایج این بررسی آن است که انگیزه مترجم برای ترجمه، شخصی بوده و به دنبال ارائه ترجمه ای امین و نیز به روزرسانی ترجمه و پوشاندن جامه فارسی امروز بر تن ترجمه است. مترجم از روش هایی همچون ترجمه بر اساس دستور زبان حالت، بافت و موقعیت واژگان و عبارات، توجه به ساختار زبان مقصد، پایبندی هم زمان به متن مبدأ و ساختار معاصر زبان مقصد و نیز ادبیت متن استفاده کرده است. همچنین در بیشتر موارد، ارزش و اهمیت فرهنگی متن اصلی و ترجمه در ارتباط و نزدیک است و همان ارزش و اهمیت، مستقیماً یا در قالب هایی همچون، استعاره و ضرب المثل، منتقل گردیده است. مترجم، این ترجمه را با توجه به سطح همه مخاطبان و تا حد امکان، نزدیک به سطح آنان انجام داده و هنجارهای آن را رعایت کرده است.Assessment of Translation of Kalilah and Dimʼna based on Skopos Theory (Case Study: Translation by Marashipour)
Translation is a purposeful activity in which the translator attempts to replace a written message in one language with the same message in another. In this regard, the translator pays close attention to the intercultural relationship between the source and target languages to create the same effect on the audience as the original text. Mohammadreza Marashipour has translated many works, which will be introduced below. The subject of this study is the Persian translation of Kalilah and Dimnʼna by Marashipour. The authors aim to evaluate the purposefulness of this translation in light of Hans Vermeer’s Skopos theory. The central question of this research is: “To which readers—considering their knowledge, expectations, values, and norms—and to which cultural and social strata is Marashipour's translation of Kalilah and Dimnʼna related? And to what extent does the translation fulfill its purpose based on the criteria of Skopos theory?” Introduction Skopos is a Greek word meaning “purpose,” first coined by Hans Josef Vermeer in the 1970s. According to Vermeer, every translator should aim to convey meaning adequately while maintaining the independence and coherence of both languages. Vermeer proposes five important principles: (1) the purposefulness of translation; (2) the offer of information in the translated text corresponds to the “offer of information” in the source language and culture; (3) the target text does not reproduce the source text in a strictly reversible way; (4) internal coherence of the target text; and (5) coherence between the target and source texts. Mohammadreza Marashipour, born in Shooshtar in 1946, has translated important works by Najib Mahfouz into Persian, including Kuche Madaq , Rah' , and Khaab (a collection of stories). He has also translated Zakaria Tamer’s renowned work Tondar into Persian, as well as works by other prominent Arab writers such as Georgi Zidan, Ehsan Abdul Quddus, and Ahmad Rajab. His primary aim in translating Kalilah and Dimnʼna was to provide a trustworthy rendering of the text originally written by Ibn al-Muqaffa, using a source approved by Manfaluti and Egyptian universities. He emphasized that translations should be updated every thirty years to remain understandable to contemporary audiences. Accordingly, Marashipour revised his translation to ensure fluency in line with modern writing standards. Given the literary and educational value of Kalilah and Dimnʼna , this study examines selected sections of his translation. Considering Marashipour’s extensive experience in literary translation, it is assumed that the strengths of his work outweigh its weaknesses. The choice of this translation is based on its contemporary nature and its alignment with the literary style and standard language of modern Persian. This study seeks to answer the following research questions using a descriptive-analytical method and comparative approach: To what extent are the cultural value and significance of Persian phrases translated from the Arabic text of Kalilah and Dimnʼna consistent with the original? What organizational or personal motivations influenced the translator in producing this work? Which strategies did Marashipour use to transfer the Arabic culture of Kalilah and Dimnʼna into contemporary Persian culture? To what extent does the Persian target text correspond to the values, knowledge, and norms of Marashipour’s intended audience? Literature Review Several studies have examined Kalilah and Dimnʼna . Heidari (2007), in his article “Study of the Differences between Kalilah and Dimnʼna by Nasrollah Monshi and its Arabic Translation by Ibn al-Muqaffa and the Tales of Bidpay and Panjakian,” addressed deficiencies, inadequacies, and errors in Nasrollah Monshi’s translation. He categorized the changes into three types—additions, deletions, and differences—focusing particularly on the third. In his thesis “Comparison of Two Literary Works: Kalilah and Dimnʼna by Nasrollah Monshi and the Stories of Bidpay by Mohammad Bukhari,” Ziaei (2008) compared the two works from a stylistic perspective, examining their intellectual, linguistic, literary, and stylistic features. However, no study has examined precisely the subject of this article. Research Methodology This study analyzed selected sections of Marashipour’s translation, focusing on multiple elements in light of Skopos theory. First, words were examined as the basis of the sentence, followed by sentences as collections of words. Additional elements—including metaphors, proverbs, symbols, and maxims—were also analyzed. The research employed a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach. Conclusion The findings indicate that in most cases, the cultural value and significance of the original text and the translation are consistent, with the same value conveyed either directly or through forms such as metaphors and proverbs. For instance, some Arabic sentences examined in the section on proverbs were originally ordinary expressions but were translated as proverbs, thereby enhancing eloquence and enriching the literary quality of the text for Persian readers. Second, the translator’s motivation was primarily personal: he aimed to provide a trustworthy and updated translation while enhancing its quality by incorporating contemporary Persian. Third, Marashipour employed various strategies, including case grammar, attention to context and word positioning, adherence to the structure of the target language, simultaneous fidelity to the source text, and sensitivity to the literary nature of the work, while considering the needs of diverse Persian-speaking audiences. Finally, the translator generally observed the norms of the audience. For instance, in translating metaphors, he used culturally familiar equivalents in Persian, enabling readers to grasp the meaning without requiring further explanation.
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