آسیب شناسی فارسی گرایی در معادل گزینی واژگان در ترجمه قرآن کریم حداد عادل (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از چالش های مهم در ترجمه قرآن کریم، انتخاب معادل های مناسب برای واژگان قرآنی است که در عین دقت معنایی با زبان معیار همخوانی داشته و قابل درک برای مخاطب فارسی زبان باشد. ترجمه ای که از زبان معیار فاصله گرفته و شامل واژگان غیرمتداول و مهجور باشد، ممکن است زمینه را برای دوری مخاطب از مفاهیم قرآن فراهم آورد. بنابراین، استفاده از معانی نزدیک به مفهوم و قابل درک، هم به انتقال پیام الهی کمک می کند و هم زمینه پذیرش و عمل به معارف قرآن را تقویت می نماید. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی معادل های واژگان قرآن کریم در ترجمه قرآن حداد عادل و ارزیابی تناسب آن ها با زبان معیار انجام شده است. در این پژوهش که با روش تحلیلی- مقایسه ای انجام شده، ابتدا واژگانی که در ترجمه حداد عادل به کار رفته، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته و واژگان مهجور و منسوخ شناسایی شدند. همچنین، معادل های پیشنهادی برای این واژگان ارائه شده است تا ضمن حفظ دقت معنایی، فهم مخاطب عمومی از آیات قرآن تسهیل شود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که استفاده از واژگان غیرمتداول در برخی معادل ها می تواند منجر به کاهش درک و فهم آیات گردد. در عوض، معادل های نزدیک تر به زبان معیار، باعث تسهیل فهم مفاهیم قرآنی و ارتباط بهتر با مخاطب می شود. این پژوهش همچنین بر اهمیت استفاده از معادل های ساده، دقیق و قابل درک تأکید دارد تا فرآیند انتقال معانی قرآن به طور مؤثرتر صورت پذیرد.Pathology of Persianization in Word Equivalence Selection in the Translation of the Holy Quran by Haddad Adel
One of the major challenges in translating the Holy Qur’an lies in selecting appropriate equivalents for Quranic terms that not only maintain semantic accuracy but also align with standard Persian and remain comprehensible to Persian-speaking audiences. A translation that deviates from standard Persian and incorporates obscure or uncommon words may distance readers from the Qur’anic message. Therefore, using equivalents that are both conceptually accurate and easily understood not only aids in conveying the divine message but also enhances both the acceptance and practical application of Qur’anic teachings. This study examines the word equivalents used in Haddad Adel’s translation of the Qur’an and assesses their compatibility with standard Persian. Employing an analytical-comparative method, the research first analyzes the vocabulary in Haddad Adel’s translation, identifying archaic and obsolete terms. Alternative equivalents are then proposed to maintain semantic accuracy while facilitating clearer understanding of the Qur’anic verses for a general audience. The findings indicate that the use of uncommon words in some cases reduces accessibility and comprehension of Qur’anic verses. Conversely, equivalents closer to standard Persian enhance the clarity of Qur’anic concepts and foster a stronger connection with readers. The study further highlights the importance of using simple, precise, and comprehensible equivalents to ensure more effective transmission of Qur’anic meanings. Introduction The translation of the Holy Qur’an has a long history, dating back to its earliest revelation, and is recognized as one of the most significant fields of Qur’anic and linguistic studies. Qur’anic translation not only serves as a bridge for non-Arabic speakers to comprehend its meanings but also functions as a medium for disseminating the message of Islam across diverse peoples and cultures. Historical sources mention early examples, such as Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib’s translation of verses from Surah Maryam into Abyssinian for the Negus of Abyssinia (Ṭabrisī, 1415 AH, 3:401), and the Persian rendering of Surah al-Fātiḥa by Salmān al-Fārsī (Sarakhsi, 1414 AH, 1:37; Ālūsī, 1415 AH, 6:365), marking them as pioneers in this field. Following the Islamic conquests and the resulting expansion of the Muslim world, with the conversion of large numbers of non-Arabic speakers to Islam, the need for Qur’anic translation into various languages became increasingly evident. This process not only facilitated the transmission of the Qur’anic message but also fostered cultural and linguistic exchange among diverse communities. In Iran, given its cultural and geographical context and the population’s swift and profound acceptance of Islam, Qur’anic translation into Persian has held particular importance. From the earliest translations to contemporary versions, the consistent efforts of Iranian scholars are evident. In the modern era, especially after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, Qur’anic translation into Persian has undergone a remarkable transformation, reaching a period of unprecedented growth and flourishing. This era may aptly be termed the “renaissance of Qur’anic translation.” Over the past four decades, the publication of numerous translations employing various methods—including word-for-word, semantic, faithful, free, and exegetical—attests to this flourishing period (Jawāharī, 1399 SH, pp. 35–48). Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, a contemporary translator of the Qur’an and head of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, has produced a translation that, in addition to employing a semantic approach, pays special attention to preserving and honoring Persian. His lexical choices emphasize the beauty and richness of the Persian language, setting his translation apart from others. He aims to choose precise and refined Persian equivalents for Qur’anic terms to ensure both faithful meaning and stylistic harmony with the literary nature of the Qur’an. Nevertheless, some of the lexical choices in Haddad Adel’s translation present challenges. In certain cases, readers must consult Persian dictionaries to grasp the meaning, which poses difficulties for general audiences. These challenges arise from discrepancies between the translator’s linguistic ideals and the audience’s linguistic competence, particularly regarding the preservation of classical Persian literary style. This study, using an analytical-comparative method, identifies key lexical challenges in Haddad Adel’s translation and proposes more accessible equivalents. The goal is to strike a balance between accurate transmission of Qur’anic meanings and increased readability for the general audience. Comparative analysis with other translations also assists in a more precise evaluation of strengths and weaknesses. Accordingly, this study addresses the following research questions: What is the significance of using standard (maʿyārī) Persian in Qur’anic translation, and what outcomes does it yield? What lexical challenges does Haddad Adel’s translation face regarding adherence to standard Persian, and how do these affect audience comprehension? How has the approach of “linguistic purification” ( sareh-nevisi ) and de-Arabization impacted Haddad Adel’s translation of the Qur’an? Literature Review The Persian translation of the Holy Qur’an by Gholam-Ali Haddad Adel has been recognized as a prominent contemporary work in the field and has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. Research indicates that, due to its semantic approach and particular attention to the Persian language, this translation has consistently been the subject of critique and analysis. Rokni Yazdi (2011), in “The Necessity of Qur’anic Translation Over Time with a Focus on Gholam-Ali Haddad Adel’s Translation,” reviewed the historical evolution of Qur’anic translations and emphasized the importance of Haddad Adel’s linguistic approach. Ashouri Telouki and Tavakoli (2015), in “A Review of Haddad Adel’s Qur’an Translation,” highlighted issues such as obscure word choices and inconsistencies in pluralization and noun forms. Emraei and Ma’ruf (2015), in “A Critical Review of the Persian Translation of the Qur’an by Haddad Adel from the Perspective of Conceptual Translation,” examined structural and lexical imbalances in the translation. Similarly, Emraei et al. (2016), in “Primary and Secondary Meanings in Gholam-Ali Haddad Adel’s Translation of the Qur’an,” critiqued grammatical and rhetorical choices, offering alternatives in Surah al-Naml. Rahimi Khoygani (2016), in “The Qur’an with the Translation of Gholam-Ali Haddad Adel: From Claim to Reality,” compared Haddad Adel’s stated goals with his actual translation output, revealing contradictions. Finally, Safavi (2022), in Critical Notes on Qur’an Translations , provided detailed verse-by-verse critiques and suggestions for improvement. A review of these studies shows that most focus on general evaluations of Haddad Adel’s translation, while fewer examine specific surahs or particular aspects of his approach. The present study focuses on one key feature of Haddad Adel’s translation: Persianization in the selection of equivalents for Qur’anic terms. It examines the challenges arising from this approach and, through analysis of selected examples from various surahs, offers alternative word choices to address these issues and improve translation quality. By correcting problematic lexical equivalents, this research aims to enhance the comprehensibility of Qur’anic vocabulary for the general reader through clearer and more accessible alternatives. Conclusion By examining the role of standard Persian in Qur’anic translation, the challenges of lexical equivalence in Haddad Adel’s work, and the consequences of linguistic purism ( sareh-nevisi ), this study demonstrates that standard Persian plays a crucial role in conveying divine concepts. Due to its simplicity and fluency, standard Persian allows for more direct understanding of the verses and prevents ambiguity in interpreting Qur’anic meanings. Thus, the more accurate and aligned lexical choices are with standard Persian, the stronger the connection between the reader and the Qur’anic text. Analysis of Haddad Adel’s translation reveals that, in some cases, he employs archaic and unfamiliar words such as zhāzh-khāyīdan , moshkū , and zehdān . These choices distance the translation from standard Persian and make comprehension difficult for contemporary readers. Inconsistencies in word choice further hinder accurate understanding of intended meanings. His emphasis on linguistic purism and avoidance of common Arabic loanwords has, in certain instances, reduced clarity and fluency. Although intended to preserve the authenticity of Persian, this approach sometimes produces ambiguity, as in the exclusion of widely familiar Arabic-origin terms such as tabārak , hedāyat , and beshārat . This suggests that excessive purism may hinder accurate understanding of Qur’anic concepts and weaken the reader’s engagement with the text. In conclusion, this study underscores the necessity of balance in lexical selection: while avoiding obsolete words and maintaining adherence to standard Persian, translators should also exercise caution against unnecessary elimination of widely accepted Arabic-derived terms. Such balance can yield a fluent, accurate, and accessible translation that meets the needs of contemporary readers.
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