أسباب التكيّف الاجتماعيّ السلبيّ للشّعب في شعر خليل مطران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
إنّ التکیّف الاجتماعیّ هو عملیه تنبثق من خلال شبکه الأدوار الاجتماعیّه وعلاقاتها داخل المنظومه المجتمعیّه بما یحقق التوازن مع البیئه المحیطه؛ وهذا التوازن ینطوی على قبول الضوابط الاجتماعیّه عبر آلیات القبول الطوعیّ أو القسریّ بما یضمن استمراریه البنیه الاجتماعیّه. نظراً لأهمیه هذه الظاهره فی معرفه الأدوار الاجتماعیّه فی المجتمع الذی عاش فیه خلیل مطران والذی یحول دون التغییر الإیجابی فی البناء الاجتماعیّ آنذاک، وبما أنّ أدوار الشّعب الوظیفیه أصبحت متمثله فی نمط من الانقیاد والخضوع؛ فإنّ هذا البحث عالج أسباب التکیّف الاجتماعیّ لدى الشعب من خلال شعر مطران، اعتماداً على منهج تحلیل المحتوى النوعی. وقد توصّل البحث إلى أنّ أهمّ أسباب التکیف الاجتماعی السلبی یعود بعضها إلى الفقر الثّقافی عند الشّعب بسبب سیاسات الحاکم لإقصاء خطاب الشعب النقدی وتشویه الوعی الجمعی من خلال نشر ثقافه الخوف والاستسلام. ویخلص بعضها الآخر للتنشئه الاجتماعیّه- السیاسیه ودور مؤسساتها، وکذلک أسالیبها السائده على ذاک المجتمع. ومن أهم أسبابها تزییف الوعی الاجتماعیّ التاریخی للشعب فی تلک الفتره عبر نظام الأسره أو المؤسسات التعلیمیه وتکریس ثقافه الخنوع من خلال خطاب سیاسی قمعی. الأمر الذی أدى إلى عدم تمکن الشعب التفاعل الإیجابی ضمن البناء السیاسی والقیام بأدوارهم الوظیفیه الحقیقیه ومن ثمّ الحیلوله دون تصدّى الشعب لروح الخنوع والانقیاد أمام الحاکم فی المجتمع الذی قضى فیه مطران أیامه. ومن أهم الحلول التی یتضح من خلال تحلیل شعر مطران الاجتماعیّ هی الدعوه إلى تبنی التعلیم وتفعیل دور الشعب المثقف فی مواجهه الخطاب المهیمن وتعزیز القراءه النقدیه للتراث والواقع؛ هذا وبالإضافه إلى تمکین المرأه فی المجتمع الذی عاش فیه مطران ککائن أساسی فی عملیه التغییر الاجتماعیّ وإعاده هیکله نظام الأسره وکذلک النظام السیاسی على أسس المشارکه والعداله.Reasons of Passive social adjustment of the people in Khalil Mutran's poetry
Social adaptation is a process emerging from the network of social roles and their relationships within the societal system, achieving balance with the surrounding environment. This balance entails accepting social constraints through voluntary or coercive mechanisms, ensuring the continuity of the social structure. his is done with the intention of achieving harmony and balance in a particular structure due to the importance of this functional role in knowing the social roles of individuals, which prevents the positive change of any complex. therefore, this research deals with the dynamics of social adjustment in the poetry of Mutran, Approach the qualitative content analysis. So that he concluded that one of the most important causes of adjustment which was embodied in the functions of the majority of the people. The study concludes that the primary causes of negative social adaptation stem partly from cultural poverty among the populace, resulting from ruling policies that suppress critical discourse and distort collective consciousness through promoting a culture of fear and submission. Other factors relate to socio-political socialization processes, the role of its institutions, and their dominant methods within that society. Key causes include the falsification of historical social consciousness through family and educational systems, reinforcing subservience via repressive political discourse. This prevented the population from positive political engagement and fulfilling their functional roles, thereby obstructing resistance to submissive tendencies toward authority. Analysis of social poetry suggests solutions emphasizing education, empowering intellectuals to counter dominant narratives, promoting critical engagement with heritage and reality, and notably, women's empowerment as central to social transformation - restructuring both family and political systems based on participation and justice. Keywords: Socio-political socialization, passive social Adjustment, Family ignorance, Khalil Mutran. Extended summary 1.Introduction Literature serves as a mirror reflecting the functional roles, social practices, and cultural behaviors of individuals within any social system, establishing literary texts as significant social and cultural constructs. The Nahda (Arab Renaissance) era marked a transformative period for Arabic literature, shifting its focus towards serving society and championing reformist causes against oppression and backwardness. Within the socio-political context of Ottoman rule, which was characterized by emerging modernity alongside pervasive autocracy, the role of the poet evolved significantly. Khalil Mutran emerged as a pivotal figure in modernizing Arabic poetry, liberating it from traditional confines and steering it towards engaging with pressing societal issues and human social roles. His poetry frequently critiques the passive cultural practices and the functional role of adaptation within his society, particularly the populace's acquiescence to ruling authoritarian power. This study employs social criticism and qualitative content analysis to examine both the overt and latent themes in Mutran's poetry. It aims to investigate the primary reasons behind the people's adaptation to prevailing oppressive conditions in Mutran's societal context and to extrapolate potential solutions for overcoming this negative adaptation, as inferred from his social commentary. The research seeks to answer two central questions regarding the roots of this social compliance and the remedies Mutran's work suggests. Materials & Methods This study employs a qualitative research design, utilizing the divan (poetry collection) of Khalil Mutran as its primary textual source. The methodology is grounded in Social Criticism to contextualize the poetry within its socio-political milieu of the late Ottoman era. Furthermore, Qualitative Content Analysis is applied as the main analytical tool to systematically examine both the manifest (surface) and latent (hidden) meanings within Mutran's poems. The coding process focused on identifying recurring themes, symbols, and metaphors related to social adaptation, power dynamics, and authoritarianism. The credibility of the findings was ensured through peer debriefing and referential adequacy. This methodological approach allows for a deep hermeneutic interpretation of the poetry, moving beyond literal meaning to uncover the underlying social consciousness and critical discourse embedded in Mutran's work. 3.Research Findings The qualitative content analysis of Khalil Mutran's poetry revealed two primary catalysts for the populace's adaptation to authoritarian rule. First, a deeply ingrained culture of passive acquiescence was identified, where societal norms valorized obedience and discouraged critical thought, resulting in a functional role that prioritized stability over liberation. Second, the research uncovered a deliberate strategy of political suppression by the ruling Ottoman authority, which employed intimidation and coercion to eliminate dissent and enforce conformity. Mutran's poetry critically portrays this adaptation not as innate passivity but as a rational response to systemic oppression, where individuals assume a functional role of compliance to ensure their survival. Furthermore, his work suggests solutions to dismantle this negative adaptation. He advocates for intellectual awakening through education and cultural reform to challenge passive mindsets, and emphasizes the necessity of collective civic courage to resist oppression. His poems symbolically call for a transformation in the functional role of the individual—from a passive subject to an active agent of change—thereby laying the groundwork for social restructuring and the emergence of a critical consciousness capable of demanding accountability and justice. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study reveals that social adaptation in Mutran's society was primarily driven by two factors: a culture of submission rooted in ignorance and lack of critical consciousness, and systematic political suppression by Ottoman rulers. The poet critically examines how patriarchal family structures, gendered role divisions, and inadequate political socialization through institutions like family and media perpetuated passive compliance. Mutran's poetry underscores that this adaptation was not innate but a functional response to oppressive conditions. His work proposes transformative solutions, emphasizing education as the cornerstone for emancipation, particularly for women, whose empowerment is vital for societal change. He advocates for redefining familial roles to foster critical thinking rather than subservience, transforming the family into a nucleus of anti-hegemonic consciousness. Ultimately, Mutran's social poetry serves as both a diagnostic tool and a prescriptive blueprint for dismantling negative adaptation. It calls for intellectual awakening and collective courage to replace passive compliance with active agency, thereby enabling structural social change. This study concludes that Mutran’s literary project remains profoundly relevant for contemporary societies grappling with similar patterns of political acquiescence and cultural submission.
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