مضمون سازی با عناصر بیانی و بدیعی در غزلیات نظیری نیشابوری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
از اواخر قرن دهم هجری، حرکتی عظیم در شعر فارسی به وجود آمد و مضمون آفرینی در جایگاه وجه غالب شعر شاعران سبک هندی تحولاتی چشمگیر در ادبیات فارسی ایجاد کرد. سخنوران این سبک، با دقت و ژرف نگری در عناصر استفاده شده شاعران دوره های قبل، روابطی تازه و بدیع میان پدیده ها ایجاد کردند. این روابط تازه را در ابعاد و اسلوب های گوناگون می توان بررسی کرد که یکی از آنها بهره گیری از عناصر بیانی و بدیعی است. در این مقاله با روش توصیفی تحلیلی، شیوه های مضمون آفرینی در غزلیات نظیری نیشابوری بر اساس عناصر بیانی و بدیعی بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد، نظیری نیشابوری یکی از پیشگامان این سبک ادبی، در آفرینش مضامین نو، نقشی برجسته ایفا کرده است. او در ساختن مضامین تازه در چهارچوب آرایه های بیانی و بدیعی، دست به ابتکاراتی زده که حاصل آن، آفرینش تصاویر شگفت انگیز و نوینی بوده است. شعر او، ضمن داشتن ویژگی های سبک عراقی و مکتب وقوع، پذیرای مختصات تازه ای است که بعدها این شگردها، دست مایه شاعران بزرگی همچون صائب تبریزی شده است. در غزلیات او، از میان عناصر بیانی، تشبیه و تشخیص و در میان عناصر بدیعی، اسلوب معادله، تمثیل، پارادوکس، حُسن تعلیل و اغراق، بیشترین بسامدها را در ساخت مضامین تازه شعری دارد و از منظر سبکی، متفاوت و برجسته تر از بسیاری از شاعران هم عصر او بوده است.Themes with Expressive and Novel Elements in Naziri Neyshaburi's Sonnets
From the late 10th century onwards, a major movement emerged in Persian poetry, where innovation in themes became the dominant feature. The poets of the Indian style brought significant transformations to Persian literature by carefully analyzing elements used by poets of earlier periods and creating new and unique relationships between phenomena. These fresh connections can be studied in various dimensions and styles, one of which involves utilizing figurative and rhetorical elements. Naziri Nishaburi, as one of the pioneers of this literary style, played a prominent role in creating new themes. He experimented with figurative and rhetorical devices to construct fresh concepts, resulting in astonishing and innovative imagery. In his sonnets, the most frequently employed figurative elements include simile and personification, while the most common rhetorical devices are allegory, metaphorical reasoning, paradox, causal embellishment, and hyperbole—all of which contribute to the crafting of fresh poetic themes. Keywords: Indian Style, Figurative Elements, Rhetorical Elements, Personification, Naziri Nishaburi. Introduction Theme creation is the most significant artistic construct of Persian poetry, which began in a new form in the 11th century AH and slightly earlier, continuing into the 12th century. These were the centuries during which the famous Indian style dominated the Persian literary sphere. This construct became the prevailing feature of poetry in this period, as the increasing use of novel poetic imagery, meticulous and precise observation of details, and the establishment of connections between unrelated elements through refined imagination led to the creation of astonishing works and a monumental transformation in the poetry of the era. This study examines the techniques of theme creation based on figurative and rhetorical elements in the sonnets of Naziri Nishaburi, a renowned poet of the 10th and early 11th centuries AH and a pioneer of the Indian style. Library studies from credible publications indicate that some works are closely related to the subject of this study, such as She’r al-Ajam or The History of Iranian Poets and Literature by Shibli Nomani (1984), An Analysis of Semantic Deviation in the Ghazals of Naziri Nishaburi Based on Leech's Theory by Sarvar Darabi (2014), and A Study of the Praises of the Prophet and the Ahl al-Bayt in the Divan of Naziri Nishaburi by Jafar Baglou (2015). However, no research has yet been conducted on the techniques of theme creation in the sonnets of Naziri Nishaburi. Materials and Methods The present research is a fundamental study conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, supported by library tools and relevant sources. It examines the most prominent techniques of theme creation in the sonnets of Naziri Nishaburi based on figurative and rhetorical elements. First, theme-creation techniques rooted in figurative elements are investigated, followed by an explanation and analysis of the techniques based on rhetorical elements. Research Findings Theme creation is one of the most significant techniques in literature, which, based on imagination and the use of certain literary devices, highlights and enriches the text artistically. The most important element in the poetics of the Indian style is the creation of new themes. The poets of this style adopted a novel approach to express their thoughts, striving either to create innovative themes or to present old meanings in a new guise. In the works of Naziri Nishaburi, one of the most common techniques for theme formation is the use of figurative and rhetorical elements. Naziri employed fresh and unique methods in crafting poetic themes based on figurative elements. These innovative techniques are particularly evident in various forms of simile, implied metaphor, and allusion, setting his poetry apart from others. Simile and personification are two imaginative elements in Naziri's poetry and can be regarded as the foundation for other forms of imagery in his work. Another aspect of Naziri Nishaburi's theme-building techniques involves the use of rhetorical elements in the structure of themes. By employing devices such as metaphorical reasoning, paradox, allegory, causal embellishment, and so on, he created beautiful and unique themes. His method of crafting themes through rhetorical elements can also be observed in the works of Saib Tabrizi, which is considered one of the most important techniques for theme creation. Saib's sonnets are notably diverse in their theme-building techniques. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Naziri Nishaburi is one of the pioneering poets of the Indian style who played a significant role in transforming Persian poetry and shaping a new approach. While benefiting from the eloquent language of the Iraqi style, he steered poetic language towards innovation and transformation. His art in this transformation manifested through the application of novel poetic themes. One of his techniques for creating new themes was leveraging the remarkable potential of imagery. Naziri, with the help of figurative and rhetorical elements, crafted themes that, while fresh, also paved the way for the Indian style's inclination towards complexity and subtlety. In the realm of figurative elements, he employed simile, personification, and allusion. With these devices, he opened up the greatest opportunities for originality and, by creating movement and dynamism in his poetic imagery, established delicate connections between objects, resulting in the creation of new themes. In the domain of rhetorical elements, the poet extensively used devices such as metaphorical reasoning, causal embellishment, allegory, paradox, and hyperbole, giving his language a new form and crafting unprecedented meanings. His poetic genius lies in the fact that he never repeated any of these figurative elements in his poetry. He utilized every ounce of originality he recognized in his works. To achieve this goal, he meticulously delved into the most intricate details, much like threading a needle.
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