مروری نظام مند بر نقش آفرینی بهره وران در برنامه ریزی فضایی حوضه های آبریز: علت ها و دلایل (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
برنامه ریزی فضایی حوضه های آبریز به عنوان ابزاری کلیدی برای مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی، با چالش هایی ازجمله تعارض میان اهداف اقتصادی و الزامات محیط زیستی، رقابت بر سر نوع بهره برداری از منابع آب، و تداخل منافع بین بخشی مواجه است. نقش آفرینی بهره وران در فرایند تصمیم گیری، نقشی اساسی در کاهش تعارض ها و ارتقاء اثربخشی اجرای طرح ها ایفا می کند. هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی و تحلیل نظام مند عوامل علّی و دلیل آوری مؤثر بر نقش آفرینی بهره وران در برنامه ریزی فضایی حوضه های آبریز برای تحقق اهداف پایداری است. روش پژوهش مرور نظام مند همراه با تحلیل محتوای کیفی پیشینه پژوهشی بوده و داده ها از ۳۴ مقاله علمی پژوهشی انگلیسی زبان منتشرشده در بازه زمانی ۲۰۰۷ تا ۲۰۲۵ و 24 مقاله فارسی منتشرشده در بازه زمانی 1394 تا 1403 گردآوری و با کدگذاری باز تحلیل شده اند. مقوله های اصلی نشان دهنده عوامل مؤثر بر نقش آفرینی بهره وران در برنامه ریزی حوضه آبریز است، که در ابعاد نهادی ساختاری، محیطی، زمینه اجتماعی و ساختار ایفای نقش مطرح شدند. یافته ها نشان داد که بسیاری از پژوهش های موجود نتوانسته اند به طور یکپارچه به ابعاد مختلف نقش آفرینی بهره وران بپردازند. این پژوهش براساس چارچوب نظری تلفیقی استخراج شده از تحلیل منابع، ضمن تبیین پیچیدگی های نهادی و زمینه ای نقش آفرینی بهره وران، بستری برای ادراک عمیق تر نقش آنان در سطح پژوهشی و مبنایی علمی برای تعریف روشن تر نقش و مسئولیت بهره وران در سطوح مختلف برنامه ریزی فضایی حوضه های آبریز ایران در سطح سیاست گذاری فراهم می سازد.Systematic review of stakeholders` engagement in watershed spatial planning: Causes and reasons
Spatial planning in watersheds serves as a pivotal framework for sustainable natural resource management yet, it confronts multifaceted challenges arising from conflicting priorities, including tensions between economic growth and climate adaptation, sectoral competition over water resource utilization, and divergent stakeholder interests. Watersheds frequently span multiple jurisdictions governed by heterogeneous institutions with disparate objectives and responsibilities. This administrative fragmentation, compounded by the diversity of stakeholder interests (governmental, private, and local), exacerbates institutional and social complexities in planning processes. Studies underscore that ineffective stakeholder engagement in decision-making not only escalates costs and prolongs implementation timelines but also heightens the risk of developmental program failures. Consequently, integrated planning with inclusive stakeholder engagement is recognized as a critical strategy to mitigate conflicts and achieve sustainability objectives. Strategic spatial planning, emphasizing the harmonization of indigenous and technical knowledge alongside across-sectoral coordination, has emerged as a central paradigm in watershed management. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the practical implementation of this concept, including the absence of clear criteria for stakeholder selection, ambiguity in evaluating their influence, and weak institutional structures for effective multi-level coordination. Additionally, factors such as competing interests, lack of mutual trust, and institutional inefficiencies in accountability constitute major barriers to stakeholder engagement. This study systematically identifies and analyzes causal and reasoning factors influencing stakeholder engagement in watershed spatial planning. Employing a systematic review methodology integrated with qualitative content analysis, data were extracted from 58 peer-reviewed articles in Persian and English using open coding. Key findings reveal that stakeholder engagement is shaped by a complex interplay of institutional-structural, environmental, social, and role- performance dimensions. Institutional-structural prerequisites include multi-level governance frameworks, transparent policy, clearly delineated roles and responsibilities across governance tiers, and sustainable financial mechanisms. Environmental factors, such as climate variability, uneven natural resource distribution, and environmental hazards, necessitate context-driven planning approaches rooted in localized ecological knowledge. The social context emphasizes trust, commitment, perceived justice, social capital, and indigenous knowledge. Additionally, the structure of role performance is influenced by the timing of entry into the planning process, methods and strategies, motivations, objectives, and role typologies. Despite broad academic consensus on the imperative of stakeholder engagement, persistent barriers—such as the absence of binding legal frameworks, infrastructural deficits, financial resource constraints, and inadequate attention to temporal dynamics—impede its practical realization. Thus, achieving effective watershed governance demands the development of integrated, adaptive, and context-sensitive mechanisms to empower stakeholders across scales. This study holds implications at both the research and policy-making levels. From a research perspective, by identifying key factors and proposing a theoretical framework, this study provides a foundation for future conceptual modeling, and methodological integration. Furthermore, the identified gaps in analyzing the dynamics of stakeholders’ roles and leveraging indigenous knowledge chart a clear path for future research. At the policy-making level, the findings can serve as a basis for designing mechanisms for stakeholder engagement, revising institutional arrangements, formulating coordinated cross-sectoral policies, and defining the precise roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in the spatial planning of watershed. Ultimately, this will contribute to enhancing efficiency, reducing conflicts, and strengthening sustainable governance of natural resources.
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