بررسی رباعیات سنایی غزنوی بر مبنای نظریه ارتباط کلامی رومن یاکوبسن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نظریه ارتباط کلامی رومن یاکوبسن (Roman Jakobson) که در آن به کارکردها و نقش های اصلی (فرستنده، پیام و گیرنده) و فرعی (موضوع، رمزگان و مجرای ارتباطی) زبان توجه شده، از نظریه های بسیار منسجم در حوزه زبان شناسی و نقد ادبی به شمار می آید. بر مبنای این نظریه، جهت گیری پیام به سوی هریک از این نقش ها موجب پدید آمدن کارکردهای خاصی، از قبیل عاطفی، ترغیبی، ادبی، ارجاعی، فرازبانی و نیز همدلی می شود. در بررسی و مطالعه رباعیات سنایی غزنوی، با توجه به کارکردهای شش گانه زبان مشخص شد که علاوه بر نقش ادبی که تمام رباعیات به دلیل بهره گیری از عناصر شعری از آن برخوردارند، نقش عاطفی نیز بیشترین کارکرد را دارد. در نقش عاطفی که در آن، جهت گیری پیام به سوی گوینده است، شاعر با زبانی ساده و صمیمی به بیان عواطف و احساسات خویش درباره مسائلی، از قبیل معشوق، ممدوح و مخالفان خویش پرداخته است؛ ازاین رو هدف و محوریت کلام در این رباعیات با فرستنده (شاعر) است و نوع ادبی این رباعیات از نوع ادب غنایی است که در آن، سازه توصیف، مهم ترین سازه به حساب می آید و شاعر در آن به توصیف مقوله هایی، همچون عشق، معشوق، مدح، انسان، جهان و نیز خدا پرداخته است.Examining Sana'i Ghaznavi’s Quatrains Based on Roman Jacobson's Theory of Verbal Communication
Roman Jacobson’s verbal communication theory, in which the main functions and roles (sender, message, and receiver) and secondary roles (topic, symbols, and communication channel) of language are considered, is one of the most consistent theories in the field of linguistics and literary criticism. Based on this theory, directing the message towards each of these roles causes the emergence of special functions such as emotional, persuasive, literary, referential, meta-linguistic, and empathy. In the study of Sana'i Ghaznavi’s quatrains, according to the six functions of language, it was found that in addition to the literary role, which all quatrains have due to the use of poetic elements, the emotional role also has the greatest function. In the emotional role in which the direction of the message is towards the speaker, the poet has expressed his emotions and feelings in a simple and intimate language regarding issues such as beloved, admired, or his opponents. Therefore, the purpose and centrality of the speech in these quatrains are with the sender (the poet) and the literary type of these quatrains is the type of lyric literature in which the structure of description is considered the most important structure and the poet has described categories such as love, lover, praise, man, world, and God. Keywords: Sanai Ghaznavi, Quatrain, Theory of Verbal Communication, Roman Jacobson. IntroductionSana'i Ghaznavi (d. 529 A.H.), is a famous poet of the 6th century. In addition to being considered a flow-making poet in Masnavi, odes, and ghazals, he is also a poet in the quatrains and opening new semantic horizons. He brought mysticism into the realm of quatrains and in this sense created a new movement in quatrains that were more romantic before him. For this reason, his works are among the texts that have been referred to as "the text of the moment of change" (Fottouhi, 2012, p. 230). In these quatrains, various themes can be seen such as romantic, mystical, philosophical, and moral, as well as praise, satire, witnessing, and chaos, which are usually divided into ‘light’ and ‘gray’ categories (Shafiei Kadkani, 2010, p. 25-34).In addition to mystical themes, his Khayamiyat is also worthy of reflection in this poetic form. The themes of Khayami, before Sana'i, are seen in other poetic forms (Islami Nadoushan, 1995, p. 122). Introducing these themes into the form of quatrains is very likely done for the first time by Sana'i. Sanai is also a pioneer in composing the quatrains of Shahreshob (Shamisa, 1984, p. 55). In this research, while examining the Sana'i quatrains based on Roman Jacobson's communication model, these questions have been posed:Which role is more important in these quatrains?What is the function of other roles in these poems?How does a dominant construction influence other constructions? Materials and MethodsThe method of conducting this research is the descriptive-analytical method, in which all Sana'i Ghaznavi’s quatrains have been examined and studied based on Roman Jacobson's model of verbal communication, and the six functions of language in these quatrains have been categorized and analyzed by mentioning the frequency. Research FindingsIt is rare to find a poem in which only one of the language roles is used, but in most instances, two or more language roles are present at the same time, and even in some cases, the language roles are separated from each other. According to Jacobson, what makes different messages different from each other is "the predominance of one of the functions of language over other roles" (Meghdadi, 1999, p. 623). In the analysis of Sana'i quatrains based on Roman Jacobson's communication model, it was found that in addition to the literary role that all quatrains have due to the poet's use of the quatrain format and the use of literary devices, the emotional role has the most function, which has influenced other roles of language. The most obvious structure in the emotional role is the structure of description, in which the poet has described his situation, his lover, his admirers, and sometimes his opponents. In addition to these two main roles, Sanai has also used other roles of language, i.e. persuasive, referential, meta-linguistic, and empathic roles. The most important structure in the role of persuasion is the structure of advice, which includes moral, religious, and romantic advice. In the referential role, the poet's point of view can be seen towards categories such as love, lover, human, world, and God. Considering these points, it can be said that Jacobson's theory of linguistic communication is an efficient and coherent theory in the analysis of literary works, which pays attention to both the structure and the content of the literary work. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsAccording to Jacobson's model of verbal communication, Sana'i has used all the six roles of language in his quatrains. In the emotional role, Sana'i talks about his feelings in relation to his lover, praised, or his opponents. Therefore, his quatrains can be considered a type of lyrical literature, in which the most important element is description, and the most important structure in description is the herding structure, in which Sana'i complains to the herd and about his lover's cruelty. He pays attention to his lover's bad temper, bad language, cunning, trickery, reproach, and cuteness. The tone of lamentation and glory from the lover is sometimes to such an extent that it finds the side of burning and symptoms of the lover, and in some cases, it even comes close to satire. In addition to being proud of his lover, Sanai complains about destiny, luck, and sometimes from some of his friends and relatives. The predominance of the emotional tone in Sena'i quatrains is such that it has overshadowed other roles and functions of language.In the role of persuasion, in which the direction of the message is towards the audience and the structure of advice is considered the most important structure, in cases where the audience is a lover, the tone of the poet is not commanding, but is accompanied with a kind of desire and expression of romantic need. Of course, in cases where the audience is general, the poet's tone becomes commanding. In these cases, the most important recommendations are moral recommendations. In addition to the structure of advice, the structure of wish, which comes with a prayer verb, has a significant function in which the poet has a wish in the form of a prayer or a curse for his beloved, praised, or opponents. In addition to these roles, the poet has also used other roles of language, i.e. the role of meta-linguistics and empathy.
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