دراسة التوازي النحوي في رسالة المعاش والمعاد للجاحظ على أساس نظرية ديبوغراند ودرسلر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
إنّ الاتساق فی النص من المفاهیم الهامه التی رسمها علماء النص، کعنصر من عناصر النصانیه. ومن آلیات الاتساق المعجمی قواعد عامه، کقواعد النحو والتکرار فی الجمله بجانب التضام، والتکرار کآلیه هامه فی إحداث الاتساق فی النص. وقد قسّمه لغویو النص إلی أنواع مختلفه، مثل الترادف، والشمول الدلالی، وشبه التکرار، والتکرار النحوی. ویعدّ دیبوغراند ودرسلر من العلماء الذین اهتموا بالتکرار درساً ونظریه. فهما لا یریان المفردات تختص بالتکرار فحسب، بل إنّ هنالک تکراراً فی جزء من النصّ أو فی الشکل النحوی، یسمى توازیاً نحویاً أیضاً. وینقسم التوازی إلی التوازی التام، والتوازی الناقص، وشبه التوازی، والتوازی الربطی. فبه، تُخلق فی النص موسیقى بجانب الاتساق والانسجام. ثمّ إنّ رسائل الجاحظ تعدّ من النصوص الهامه فی تاریخ الأدب العربی، وخاصه رساله المعاش والمعاد، والتی لم تلفت الانتباه الذی یلیق بها. فهی بمثابه کُتیّب إرشادی ذی نص أدبی متسق ومنسجم موضوعه السیاسه والحکومه. فقد قام هذا البحث بدراسه دور التوازی النحوی فی اتساق رساله المعاش والمعاد للجاحظ بمنهجیه وصفیه تحلیلیه، وباستخدام المعلومات الإحصائیه، وتشیر أهم نتائجه أن للتوازی النحوی، خاصه التوازی التام، دوراً محوریاً فی اتساق الرساله، کما أنّ العبارات المتوازنه فی نصّ الرساله لها تواز صرفی وبلاغی، کما أنّ للتوازی الصوتی، بجانب التوازی النحوی، دورا فی الاتساق النصی، وکذلک له دور موسیقی وجمالی و....A Study of Grammatical Parallels in the Letter "Al-Ma’ash wal-Ma’ad" by Al-Jahiz Based on the Theory of De Beaugrand and Dressler
Textual coherence is a crucial concept recognized by scholars in text linguistics as an essential element of textuality. Among the mechanisms that contribute to lexical coherence are foundational rules, such as grammar, sentence repetition, and stylistic choices. Repetition serves as a significant mechanism for establishing coherence within a text and text linguists categorize it into various types, including synonymy, semantic inclusion, incomplete repetition, and grammatical repetition. Scholars, such as De Beaugrande and Dressler, have explored the role of repetition in both theoretical and practical contexts. They argue that repetition is not limited to vocabulary, but can also occur within the structure of the text through a grammatical form known as grammatical parallels. These parallels can be further divided into complete parallels, incomplete parallels, quasi-parallels, and relational parallels, all of which contribute to the musicality, coherence, and harmony of the text. Al-Jahiz's letters are considered significant works in the history of Arabic literature, particularly the letter "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad", which has not received the attention it deserves. This letter serves as a guidebook with a consistent and coherent literary structure centered on themes of politics and governance. This research examined the role of grammatical parallels in the coherence of Al-Jahiz's message "Life and Resurrection", employing a descriptive-analytical methodology alongside statistical analysis. The findings indicated that grammatical parallels, particularly perfect parallels, played a pivotal role in enhancing the coherence of Al-Jahiz's message. The balanced phrases within the text exhibited both morphological and rhetorical harmony. In addition to grammatical parallels, phonetic parallels also contributed to textual coherence, adding musical and aesthetic dimensions to the work. IntroductionText linguistics is a relatively new area of study within linguistics that seeks to determine what differentiates a coherent text from a collection of disconnected sentences or non-text. In other words, text linguistics aims to establish criteria for distinguishing a textual entity from a non-textual one. Scholars, such as De Beaugrande and Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler, have made significant contributions in this field by providing objective criteria to differentiate between coherent, consistent texts, and mere collections of scattered sentences. They identify 7 criteria for textuality: cohesion, coherence, intention, acceptability, situation, intertextuality, and informativity. Cohesion specifically relates to the lexical level of coherence and De Beaugrande and Dressler define several mechanisms that contribute to lexical or formal coherence in texts, including repetition, word recurrence, definition, unified reference, post-mentioning, pre-mentioning, and elimination.Grammatical cohesion arises from various mechanisms, including syntactic or grammatical parallels. Researchers in text linguistics focus on this type of repetition, particularly in the context of structural repetition. In some ancient Arabic texts, grammatical repetition serves as a tool for creating musicality, coherence, and harmony, making these parallels a suitable criterion for analyzing textual structure. Using this framework, texts can be evaluated according to standards of coherence and harmony. Among the valuable ancient texts in Arabic literature, Al-Jahiz's epistle "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad" stands out. Addressed to Muhammad bin Abi Dawud, a judge in Baghdad, between the years 233-237 AH, this epistle reflects Al-Jahiz's efforts to guide the young judge through several letters, including "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad" (see: Al-Jahiz, 1964, pp. 91-134). Given that De Beaugrande and Dressler's model provides a framework for evaluating texts, this study aimed to explore coherence and harmony in Al-Jahiz's message "Life and Resurrection" with a particular focus on the criteria for lexical coherence. Research BackgroundText linguistics is an emerging branch of linguistics that has garnered significant attention in recent years. Valuable studies have been conducted from various perspectives within both Persian and Arabic languages. Notable works in the field of text linguistics included:Shatiyat (2018): In his article titled "Rhythm Formations and Coherence of the Text of Pre-Islamic Panegyrics: Bishr bin Abi Khazim's Panegyrics of Aws al-Ta'i as a Model", he examined the role of balance and rhythm in the continuity of pre-Islamic panegyrics.Eqbali and Qurbani (1990): Their article "Harmony of Sounds: Music in the Sermon of Jihad in Nahj al-Balagha and Its Role in Verbal Expression" explored the musical elements present in rhetorical discourse.Jahmi (2011-2012): In his thesis "Mechanisms of Textual Coherence in Selected Sermons from the Supplement to Nahj al-Balagha by Hadi Kashf al-Ghita", he investigated the role of balance in enhancing textual richness.Salman Hassan (2017): Her book "Rhetorical Methods from the Perspective of Text Linguistics: The Discourse of Abdullah Ibn Muqaffa as a Model" delved into the theoretical foundations of balance and its applications in Ibn Muqaffa's discourse.Saadia (1388): In his article "Textual Coherence in the Arab Heritage", he discussed concepts of textual coherence found in the writings of ancient Arab rhetoricians and grammarians, highlighting their shared understandings.Salah Qutb (1376): His book "A Linguistic Study of the Forms of Textual Coherence in the Works of Al-Jahiz and Al-Zayyat" offered a comparative analysis of coherence in both authors' texts.Al-Sayyid and Al-Shuraidah (2021): Their article "Textual Standards in the Linguistic Structure of Al-Jahiz in Al-Bukhala" examined the manifestation of textual standards in Al-Jahiz's linguistic framework and its implications for Arabic rhetoric.Despite these significant contributions, the authors had not identified a study specifically addressing grammatical balance and its role in the continuity of Al-Jahiz's works. Given the importance of the message "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad", particularly within the framework of De Beaugrande and Dressler's theory, this study aimed to fill that gap.Research QuestionsWhat is the role of casting mechanisms in the textual cohesion of the message "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad"?How does grammatical balance contribute to the harmony of the message "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad"? Materials & MethodsThis research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine the role of grammatical parallels in the coherence of Al-Jahiz's message "Life and Resurrection". The study focused on: Text Selection: The primary text analyzed was Al-Jahiz's epistle "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad", which is significant in the history of Arabic literature. The text was addressed to Muhammad bin Abi Dawud and was dated between 233-237 AH. Analytical Framework: The analysis was grounded in the criteria established by De Beaugrande and Dressler, which included cohesion, coherence, grammatical parallels. Data Collection: The research identified instances of grammatical parallels within the text, categorizing them into complete parallels, incomplete parallels, and relational parallels. Statistical Analysis: The study quantified the types of parallels present, focusing on their frequency and impact on textual coherence. Research FindingsThe findings revealed the following facts: Presence of Grammatical Parallels: The analysis determined that grammatical parallels were prevalent throughout the text, contributing to its musicality and coherence. Types of Parallels:A total of 88 examples of grammatical parallels were identified.77 complete parallels were observed, indicating a strong reliance on this form.Only 2 examples of relational parallels were found, highlighting their rarity in the text. Impact on Coherence: The presence of grammatical parallels enhanced coherence by:Creating a rhythmic and harmonious prose styleEstablishing logical relationships between sentences, thereby aiding the reader's understanding Morphological and Rhetorical Balance: The text exhibited morphological and rhetorical parallels alongside grammatical ones, underscoring Al-Jahiz's skill in crafting a cohesive literary piece. Role of Deletion: The element of deletion contributed to the text's coherence, prompting readers to engage cognitively with the material and discover implicit connections. Overall Conclusion: Al-Jahiz's use of grammatical parallels not only enriched the text aesthetically, but also ensured a consistent and coherent structure, making "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad" a notable example of literary excellence in Arabic literature. Discussion of Results & ConclusionAl-Jahiz was a literary genius of his time and remained one of the most renowned writers in ancient Arabic literature. By exploring contemporary theories, we could uncover the factors that contributed to the enduring legacy of certain texts. This study focused on the epistle "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad" as a significant example of traditional Arabic literary texts, leading to the following findings:The analysis revealed that grammatical parallels were established throughout various sections of "Al-Ma'ash wal-Ma'ad", creating a musical quality and consistency among its paragraphs. Al-Jahiz enhanced the beauty of the text through complete parallels between phrases, allowing us to consider this prose as musical in nature. The repetition of parallel phrases combined with grammatical balance amplified this musicality, resulting in a harmonious and cohesive text characterized by its words, phrases, and sentences. Notably, the study identified 77 instances of complete parallels out of a total of 88 examples, indicating a greater prevalence of complete parallels compared to incomplete ones. The lowest occurrence was found with relational parallels with only 2 examples identified in the text. The presence of morphological and rhetorical parallels, alongside grammatical ones, highlighted Al-Jahiz's mastery in crafting his prose and his skillful selection of sentences that aligned with his intended message. Among the key functions of grammatical parallels in "The Epistle of Life and Resurrection" were their roles in creating musicality, emphasizing important themes, and establishing connections between preceding and subsequent sentences. Certain parallel sentences served as a foundation for following sentences, contributing to the overall consistency and coherence of the text. Each paragraph exhibited logical or sequential relationships among its sentences. Al-Jahiz enhanced the coherence of the text by repeating musical elements and varied sounds. The repetition of balanced phrases that embodied grammatical parallels had led to the creation of structured, harmonious prose, enhancing the text's beauty. Furthermore, the repetition associated with omitted words or phrases prompted the reader's cognitive engagement, enabling them to discern the implied connections among the phrases. Morphological and rhetorical parallels, along with synonymy, similarity, and equivalence in sentences, functioned as tools of coherence, simultaneously fostering beauty and consistency in the text. In addition to grammatical parallels, the text also showcased conceptual and semantic relationships between words and phrases. The element of deletion played a crucial role in maintaining the text's coherence, challenging the reader's mind to uncover omitted phrases through mental exploration, thereby reinforcing the connections and harmony among the elements of the text.
تبلیغات
