بررسی جامعه شناختی نگرش های پولی در میان شهروندان شهر تهران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در حال حاضر تسری جریان ها و برنامه ریزی های مالی و نگرش های پولی با مؤلفه های چندگانه بر تجربیات اجتماعی و زندگی روزمریه مردم، مطالعیه جامعه شناسانیه پول را تبدیل به امری ضروری کرده است و باوجود آنکه در جوامع الکترونیکی شکل مادی پول از بین می رود، نیاز است تا چیستی و چگونگی معنای اجتماعی پول برای مردم بازاندیشی شود. این مقاله با هدف بررسی نگرش پولی شهروندان تهرانی سعی دارد باتوجه به نظریه های زیمل، اینگهام و زلیزر عوامل مؤثر بر نگرش های پولی را در ارتباط با متغیرهای جنس، سن، تحصیلات، وضعیت تأهل، سطح رفاه، جایگاه دینداری، مواضع فکری و سیاسی، میزان رضایت از زندگی، میزان موفقیت و دوران کودکی بسنجد. روش پژوهش کمّی همراه با تکنیک پیمایش در مقیاس تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و اکتشافی لی و فورنهام است که عامل آینده نگری پولی به مقیاس اضافه شد. یافته های تحلیل عاملی نشان می دهد که شش عامل بازنمایی موفقیت، نمایش قدرت و منزلت، نگرانی و بی اعتمادی، بی سوادی پولی، مدیریت و برنامه ریزی مالی و آینده نگری پولی، نگرش پولی جامعیه هدف را می سازند؛ درنهایت نتایج گویای آن است که تأمین رفاه و رضایت از زندگی، آرامش و امنیت، رنج بی نهایت و لذت تام معنای اجتماعی پول برای مردم است. پیامدهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی این نگرش نیز، پولی شدن فزایندیه جامعه، سرمایه سازی ازطریق تبدیل پول به کالاهای با دوام، ارزش سازی به واسطیه خلق ارزش برای کالاهای بی ارزش و تراژدی فرهنگ با تقلیل ارزش های کیفی به ارقام است.A Sociological Study of Monetary Attitudes among Citizens of Tehran
IntroductionAs the physical form of money increasingly gives way to digital representations in electronic societies, its role continues to transform. Money has long served to equalize disparities, evolving into a primarily symbolic entity. Currently, the cultural and social functions of money—understood as a "fait social total"—are undergoing significant changes. Recent sociological research presents money as an enigmatic social phenomenon, prompting scholars to explore the social implications of complex financial systems characterized by the tension between centralized monetary unions and diverse local currencies. In the past few decades, regional and global shifts centered on money—such as global financial crises, establishment of the European Monetary Union, collapse of socialism, rise of credit card payments, advent of electronic money, and emergence of various cryptocurrencies—have rendered the monetary landscape more intricate than ever before. Meanwhile, individuals' attitudes towards money are shaped by their lived experiences from childhood through adulthood influenced by the economic and social contexts they encounter. Thus, money holds significance not merely as a social object, but also because of the diverse meanings individuals attribute to it. In Iran, the pressing social issue revolves around monetization of a society grappling with economic crises, rampant inflation, sanctions, and widespread financial misconduct—both petty and grand. To investigate monetary attitudes, this study employed the Lay and Furnham scale (2018) to examine the relationship between money and various variables, including gender, age, education, marital status, socioeconomic status, religious beliefs, ideological and political perspectives, life satisfaction, perceived success, and childhood experiences. Materials & MethodsApproximately 5 decades ago, multidimensional criteria for understanding monetary attitudes and beliefs were established within sociology. Over time, various scales, variables, and tools have been developed to examine these attitudes and behaviors. This article employed a quantitative approach and survey methodology to identify the attitudinal patterns that influence the psychological and social dynamics of society, ultimately shaping collective behavior regarding money and reflecting the emotional connections individuals have with material objects. The data analysis method was grounded in Simmel's continuous dialectical approach, or dualism, which serves as a framework for comprehending the social phenomenon of money. The study aimed to expand the scale of monetary attitudes by introducing items that measured the factor of monetary future orientation within the target society. Alongside this, factors, such as representation of success, anxiety and distrust, displays of power and status, financial literacy, and monetary thinking and management were examined. The findings indicated that individuals' beliefs, as well as the economic, social, and cultural contexts of their societies, significantly influenced their monetary attitudes. To further explore the interplay between society and money in Iran, factor analysis was employed to assess the factorability of indicators, helping to elucidate the social meanings of money for individuals. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe findings indicated that money functioned as a social phenomenon within the competitive landscape of resources and benefits, making various facets of human life interpretable. An increase in public welfare significantly influenced other variables, altering perceptions of success, life satisfaction, spending habits, and ultimately, monetary attitudes. The factor of representing success had transformed money into an institution that enabled individuals to achieve goals otherwise unattainable. This was particularly crucial in societies where money served as a pathway to fulfilling aspirations. Conversely, the rules governing economic and social interactions reinforced monetary relationships, framing work relations according to this criterion. The shared value of money rendered all things exchangeable. Moreover, trust in the stability of currency was rooted in the socio-political order that underpined it; without this trust, the monetary flow collapsed. The results suggested that, within the studied society, economic profiteering, market distrust, concerns about savings, and a future-oriented monetary mindset—all driven by fervor for economic investment—were significant across various social contexts. In essence, money transcended the processes Simmel described as "commodification of reciprocal relations" or "general reduction of quality to quantity." It possessed intrinsic value through its three primary functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. However, the lack of assurance regarding the preservation of money's value by the governing system had hindered its ability to serve as an effective store of value. Consequently, society resorted to converting money and creating value through durable goods, engaging in capital investment to prevent the erosion of wealth. This scenario exemplified what Simmel referred to as the "tragedy of culture" where money reflected the broader cultural landscape with all its harsh realities. Ultimately, it was crucial to acknowledge that the monetary situation of the society was profoundly influenced by macro-level political and economic events. Until economic stability was restored, changes in people's monetary attitudes were unlikely. This necessitated a willingness to accept the risks associated with the monetization of culture, social system, and public morality. Patterns of financial behavior evolved in response to individual and societal needs, illustrating how people's financial behaviors were shaped by their attitudes and, in turn, influenced by economic and social developments.
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