دراسة في أساسیات الأسباب المبررة للجریمة في القانون الجنائي الإیراني من منظور النظام الأساسی للمحكمة الجنائیة الدولیة وأساسیات الفقه الإسلامی والأسس الفكریة الّتی تحكم الشریعة الإسلامیة (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
الأسباب المبرره للجریمه هی الأسباب والعوامل الّتی تزیل الشخصیه الإجرامیه من السلوک الّذی یعدّ جریمه فی الظروف العادیه، وتضفی علیه مظهراً خالیاً من اللوم. فی الأسباب المبرره للجریمه، یکون فعل مرتکب الجریمه ذا منفعه اجتماعیه، ولهذا السبب، لا یعاقب علیه فحسب، بل یتمّ مدحه وتشجیعه أیضاً. الأسباب المبرره للجریمه هی قضایا أساسیه ومهمه فی القانون الجنائی الوطنی والدولی. و رغم أنّ عنوان الأسباب المبرره للجریمه لم یرد فی الفقه الإسلامی، إلّا أنّه فیما یتعلّق بأسس هذه المؤسسه الشرعیه، یمکن الرجوع إلى الآیات القرآنیه والفقه والأحادیث الشریفه. ومن منهج الشریعه الإسلامیه فإنّها تقوم على مبدأ أنّ السلوکیات المحرمه محرمه عموماً على الجمیع. ولکن استثناءً لهذا المبدأ، أجاز الشرع بعض السلوکیات تجاه الأشخاص الّذین یتمتعون بصفات معینه. لأنّ الوضع الّذی یحکم الأفراد والفئات الاجتماعیه یقتضی هذه الإباحه. إعتمدت الدراسه بالمنهج التوصفی التحلیلی وتهدف الدراسه أسس جواز الفعل فی الأسباب المبرره للجریمه، وأظهرت النتائج أنّنا نرى اختلافات جوهریه فی الرأی فی مجال الجریمه. أساس جواز الفعل فی الأسباب المبرره، و یرى البعض الآخر تجنّب النتائج غیر الساره، ویشیر الرأی الثالث إلى الحق المعنوی کأساس للأسباب المبرره، والنظریه الرابعه تعتبر تحقیق فوائد أعلى و أضرار أقل کأساس للأسباب المبرره.Examining the Foundations of Justifying Causes of Crime in Iranian Criminal Law with a Perspective on the Statute of the International Criminal Court, Islamic Jurisprudence, and the Fundamental Princi-ples of Islamic Sharia
Justifying causes of crime refer to the reasons and factors that remove the criminal nature of an act that would otherwise be considered a crime under normal circumstances, rendering it blameless. In such cases, the offender's action serves social interest and benefit, making it not only exempt from punishment but also worthy of praise and encouragement. Justifying causes of crime are fundamental issues in both national and international criminal law. Although the term "justifying causes of crime" is not explicitly mentioned in Islamic jurisprudence, its foundations can be traced in Quranic verses, jurisprudential principles, and noble hadiths. From the perspective of Islamic law, the general rule is that prohibited acts are forbidden for everyone. However, as an exception, the sacred lawmaker has deemed certain acts permissible for individuals possessing specific attributes, considering the prevailing social conditions and circumstances. This study employs a descriptive-analytical and library-based research method to examine the foundations of permissible actions within justifying causes of crime. The findings reveal significant disagreements regarding the basis for the legitimacy of such actions. Some scholars attribute it to public interest, while others consider it a means of preventing undesirable consequences. A third perspective emphasizes moral rights as the foundation of justifying causes, whereas a fourth theory argues that the justification is based on achieving a greater benefit and minimizing harm. Keywords: Justifying causes of crime, Islamic jurisprudence, Iranian criminal law, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Islamic law Introduction The commission of a prohibited act in criminal laws is punishable only if the perpetrator is not entitled to a defense. In its broadest sense, defense refers to anything that prevents the issuance of a conviction. This definition encompasses all types of defenses, both procedural and substantive. Procedural defenses are examined in criminal procedure law, while substantive defenses are studied in criminal law. Some substantive defenses are exonerating defenses, which include justifications (justifying causes of crime) and reasons for eliminating criminal responsibility. In justifications, the act committed serves a social interest or benefit, and as a result, not only is it not punishable, but it may also be praised and encouraged. Justifying causes of crime are objective reasons and factors that, in order to prevent greater harm or achieve a higher benefit, make the actions of all participants and accomplices in the crime justifiable. In other words, they render an act that would ordinarily be considered a crime, permissible. A justifiable act is one that is good, correct, reasonable, or permissible to perform. Although the term "justifying causes" is not explicitly mentioned in Islamic jurisprudence, the foundations of this legal concept can be found in the Quranic verses, Islamic jurisprudence, and noble hadiths. From the perspective of Islamic law, the general rule is that prohibited behaviors are universally forbidden. However, as an exception to this rule, the sacred lawgiver has permitted certain actions for individuals who possess specific attributes, because the prevailing conditions of individuals and social groups necessitate this permissibility. Materials & methods The fact that justifying causes lead to the removal of the legal element of a crime is a well-established principle in criminal law. However, a clear answer has not yet been provided to the question of why a particular behavior leads to the elimination of the legal element. Raising this question is necessary because identifying the key criteria of justifying causes can help determine how to approach the offender. This article attempts, using library research methods and by extracting information from various sources in a descriptive, analytical, and inductive manner, to answer the question of
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