مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش شفقت به خود و ذهن آگاهی در کنترل عواطف نوجوانان بد سرپرست (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مقاله حاضر با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش شفقت به خود و ذهن آگاهی در کنترل عواطف نوجوانان بدسرپرست مرکز شبه خانواده بهزیستی شهر تهران انجام شد. روش پژوهش از نوع نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون - پس آزمون با گروه گواه و پیگیری است. برای تعیین نمونه 60 نفر به صورت داوطلبانه و هدفمند انتخاب و در سه گروه (دو گروه آزمایش و یک گواه) گمارده شدند. گروه آزمایش اول آموزش شفقت به خود و گروه آزمایش دوم آموزش ذهن آگاهی را ازطریق پروتکل های آموزشی شفقت به خود و ذهن آگاهی در هشت جلسه دریافت کردند و گروه گواه هیچگونه مداخله آموزشی دریافت نکرد. آزمودنی ها، قبل و بعد از اجرای مداخله و 45 روز بعد در مرحله پیگیری به مقیاس کنترل عواطف پاسخ دادند. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه گیری های مکرّر تجزیه وتحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد آموزش شفقت به خود و همچنین، آموزش ذهن آگاهی به یک میزان در افزایش کنترل عواطف نوجوانان اثربخش بوده و بعد از 45 روز همچنان پایدار بوده است که این پایداری در ذهن آگاهی ماندگاری بیشتری داشته است. با توجه به اثربخشی مشابه آموزش شفقت به خود و ذهن آگاهی در افزایش کنترل عواطف نوجوانان، پیشنهاد می شود در مراکز حمایتی نظیر شبه خانواده بهزیستی از این روش های روانشناسی موج سوم برای بهبود وضعیت عاطفی نوجوانان بهره گرفته شود.Comparing the Effectiveness of Self-Compassion and Mindfulness Therapies on Affection Control of Poor Parenting Adolescents
The study compared the effectiveness of self-compassion and mindfulness therapies on affection control among poor parenting adolescents of Tehran foster family centers. The study used pre-posttest quasi-experimental, with control and follow-up groups. The sample included 60 adolescents, who were voluntarily taking part in the study. They were selected and categorized in three groups (two experimental and one control) through purposeful sampling method. One experimental group received self-compassion therapy and the other experimental group received mindfulness therapy through training protocol for 8 sessions, while the control group did not get any treatment. The examinees answered the standardized affection controls in pretest, posttest and follow up (after 45 days). The data were analyzed via repeated measure analysis of variance. The obtained results demonstrated that self-compassion and mindfulness treatments were effective on adolescence’ affection control improvement at the same level, meanwhile the effectiveness was stable for 45 days later. However, the stability was higher in the group with mindfulness treatment. According to the equivalent effectiveness of self-compassion and mindfulness treatments on adolescents’ affection control improvement, it was suggested that practitioners apply these third-wave psychological techniques to improve emotional status of adolescents in supportive centers as foster family centers.Introduction*People with lower affection control are pushed toward psychological disorders as depression and anxiety. Therefore, there is a need to apply psychological treatment techniques. Self-compassion treatment is a crucial construct in modulating people’s reactions toward distressing situations such as failure. The therapist provides and develops an inner compassionate connection with his clients, tries to help them without blaming. Mindfulness, is another significant structure of peoples’ reaction modulating toward uncomfortable situations. In the present treatment, mindfulness is an intervention which is applied through combination of cognitive behavior treatment. It is considered as the awareness of present moment without any judgment. Hence, based on the characteristics of the self-compassion therapy and mindfulness treatment on the improvement of injured adolescence’ condition, the present study compared the effectiveness of the self- compassion and mindfulness treatments on affection control of poor parenting adolescence in Tehran foster family centers.MethodThe method of present study was pretest-posttest quasi-experimental. The statistical population consisted of all adolescents between the ages of 13 to 19 who were under supervision of Tehran welfare organization in 2023. The sample consisted of 60 adolescents, who were voluntarily participating in the study and were selected and categorized into three groups of self-compassion and mindfulness experimental groups and a control group. In order to estimate adolescents’ affection control, Williams et al .’s (1997) questionnaire was utilized. Both groups took part in the pretests of affection control prior to the treatment. The first experimental group received self-compassion treatment through an educational protocol for 8 sessions, while the second experimental group also received mindfulness therapy for 8 sessions. However, the control group got no educational treatment session. After these treatment sessions, all three groups answered to the same questionnaires again, and the process was repeated 45 days later. The data were analyzed through repeated measure analysis of variance. ResultsThe variance analysis with repeated measures was applied to analyze the data. In this regard, some assumptions were required. The normal distribution of the scores, Levene’s test, M-Box and Mauchly's sphericity test were the principal assumptions of present examination. Table 1 The Results Shapiro- Wilks Test to Investigate the Data Normality, Leven Test, M-Box and Mauchly’s test of Homogeneity of Variances Shapiro Wilk TestLeven TestM-BoxW-MauchlypFpFpFpFAffection Control0.590.960.0124.200.00313.780.0000.25According to Table 1, the significant level of Shapiro Wilk was calculated equal to 0.96 (p>0.05). In addition, the amount of F for Levene’s test of Variance Homogeneity was not meaningful (p>0.01). Therefore, based on the results, the assumption of variance equality was accepted. In M-Box assumption also, the equality of variance- covariance was not accepted (p>0.001). The results of Mauchly's sphericity test and Chi- Square estimation for variance equality was not met (p<0.05). As a result, the assumption has been violated. Epsilon modification was applied, and Greenhouse Geisser statistics was utilized to test the examinees’ inner effects.Table 2 The Results repeated measure analysis of variance on Experimental and Control Groups in Pre, Post and follow up with Greenhouse - Geisser Scale Source of ChangesSum of SquaresdfMean SquaresFpEta SquareStatistical PowerAffection ControlInner GroupsIntervention Levels4233.411.5327602.9964.540.0010.531Intervention Levels × Group1407.223.064599.3310.570.0010.170.99Within groupsGroup17394.0887.21427.679.280.0010.240.97The results indicated that the self-compassion and mindfulness treatments were effective with 0.24 effect (p= 0.001) on affection control of adolescences, which were significantly different from the control group. Table 3 The Results of Bonferroni Test of Comparison of two Self- Compassion and Mindfulness Treatments Effectiveness VariableGroupMean DifferencePAffection ControlControl, Self-compassion treatment-15.150.02Control, Mindfulness treatment-23.780.000Self-compassion treatment,Mindfulness treatment8.630.38The results of Bonferroni follow-up test in Table 3 also indicated an equal effectiveness of self- compassion and mindfulness treatments on affection control (p>0.05). ConclusionSelf- compassion treatment may help people to feel a higher sense of belonging and security. It may help them to improve their affection control when encountering deprivation. Self- compassion, in fact, can be considered as a shield in front of the effects and negative events. Individuals with higher levels of self- compassion can accept life’s unfortunate events easier and present precise self- assessments and reactions based on their true functions, since they are judging themselves with less strictness. Mindfulness is the awareness of thoughts, behavior, affection and feelings, which has two basic valuable elements: presence in time and no-judgment. These two features have a crucial role on events, individuals’ actions and reactions.Adolescence with poor parenting condition, who have always had a feeling of emptiness of losing their family, use negative affection much more than others. They may show aggressive behaviors along with depression and anxiety due to their psychological conditions, which can cause a lack of affection control. Therefore, self-compassion and mindfulness treatments can improve their behavior and affection by the modification of negative affection and cultivating their positive affection to eliminate the problem. Also, through compassionate behavior treatment with self and eliminating self- judgment through an aware mind, they will accept that others, may have the same issues as well. According to the effectiveness of self-compassion and mindfulness treatments on adolescents’ affection control, it is suggested that practitioners apply these methods in the family analogous supportive centers in order to improve adolescents’ emotional status. The present research was limited to the sample of adolescence with poor or non-parenting condition, hence the results should not be generalized to other groups of adolescences. Ethical Consideration:Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: The study was derived from the corresponding author’s Ph.D. thesis at Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch (ethics code: IR.IAU.TON.REC.1402.087).Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed to the preparation of the final manuscript.Conflict of Interest: The present research does not have any conflict of interest. Funding: The authors conducted the research without financial support.Acknowledgment: The authors are being thankful from adolescents who had taken part in present study.*. 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