موسیقی به مثابه امکان گسست از سوبژکتیویسم از منظر هایدگر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هایدگر فلسفه را همان متافیزیک و تاریخ فلسفه را، به ویژه پس از دکارت، تاریخِ بسطِ سوبژکتیویسمِ متافیزیکی می خواند. او سوبژکتیویسم متافیزیکی را عامل اصلی وضعیت نیهیلیستیک یا بی خانمانی ما انسان های مدرن می داند. بر این اساس، پژوهش پیش رو پرسش از امکان گسست از سوبژکتیویسم را به عنوان ضرورت فلسفی امروز ما، مورد بررسی قرار داده است. در این پژوهش از خلال کارهای هایدگر و دیگر اندیشمندان، کوشش شده است علاوه بر پاسخ به چیستی سوبژکتیویسم، هنر موسیقی بر اساس اندیشه ی هایدگر، در مقام امکانی برای گسست از سوبژکتیویسم مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. برای این مقصود، نخست با تکیه بر شرح هایدگر از پرسش «چرا موجودات اصولاً وجود دارند، به جای عدم؟» و همچنین تفسیر او از شعری اثر هولدرلین و کارهای پُل سزان، این موضوع بیان شده که موسیقیدان با اجازه دادن به حضوریافتن «عدم» در موسیقی نه تنها صحنه را برای رخداد حقیقتِ وجود آماده می کند بلکه همزمان با آگاه کردن ما از تمایز میان «وجود» و «موجود» این دوگانگی را رفع کرده و به وحدتی رازآمیز بدل می کند و در پی این رویداد امکان گسست از سوبژکتیویسم را فراهم می آورد. در گام دیگر این فرضیه مورد پژوهش قرار گرفته است که بداهه پردازی در موسیقی، تجربه ای از انفتاح و در نتیجه گسست از سوبژکتیویسم است.Music as the Possibility of Breaking Away From Subjectivism in Heidegger’s Perspective
Heidegger regards philosophy as metaphysics. He calls the history of philosophy, especially since the time of Descartes, the history of the expansion of metaphysical subjectivism. From his perspective, metaphysical subjectivism is the main reason for the nihilism or homelessness of modern humans. Accordingly, the present study investigates the possibility of breaking away from subjectivism as a philosophical necessity of our time. In this research, through the works of Heidegger and other thinkers, in addition to answering what subjectivism is, an attempt has been made to investigate the art of music, based on Heidegger's thought, as a possibility for breaking away from subjectivism. As a result, according to Heidegger's interpretation of Hölderlin's "Mnemosyne" and Paul Cézanne's works, by allowing the nothingness in music, the musician not only prepares the ground for the emergence of the truth of being but also makes us aware of the difference between "Being" and "beings," resolves this duality and converts it to a mysterious unity, and makes it possible to break away from subjectivism. Later, the hypothesis stating that "improvisation in music is an experience of openness that is indeed a breaking away from subjectivism" is described and investigated. Keywords: The Possibility of Breaking Away From Subjectivism, Music, Improvisation, Nothingness, Heidegger’s Thought Extended Introdction Martin Heidegger believes that philosophers throughout the history of metaphysics have sought to find answers to the question of what beings are, but since the language of metaphysics has always confused "Being" and "beings", man cannot have an original relationship with "Being" and has become homeless as a result. According to Heidegger's thought, subjectivism as a kind of encounter with the world, which metaphysics takes advantage of by neglecting Being, is the main cause of the nihilistic situation of us humans today. Now, this research tries to investigate the art of music, according to Heidegger's thoughts, as a possibility to break away from subjectivism. What has caused the consideration of art in general and especially the art of music for this purpose is Heidegger's own words in the treatise in The Origin of the Work of Art. He states there that the essence of art is "the setting-itself-to-work of the truth of Being," and the work of art is a special example of the occurrence of the truth of Being. In Heidegger's thought, poets—who can be considered artists according to the broad meaning of poetry in Heidegger's view—in the era of hardship or homelessness, we modern humans, by following Dionysus, follow in the footsteps of the gods. They find the departed, and with the guidance of other mortals, they change them and thus provide the means for the return of the gods. He says that by trusting Dionysus, man becomes ecstatic—an experience of excitement or soothing anxiety. The event that this research tries to show, although it is short, can be an experience of breaking away from subjectivism. What causes this event is the establishment of a world from within nothingness or absence, an event that, from the point of view of this article, occurs in music in the highest possible way: revealing harmonious songs from within the silence. This article tries to show that improvisation in music is a situation that can lead to the liberation of the musician, the audience/listener, and even the composer from being a subject. The composer, musician, and audience, as participants in a musical dialogue, get the opportunity to surrender themselves to music and experience a break from subjectivism. Based on what was said, this research intends to examine the art of music as a possibility to break away from subjectivism. Methodology In this research, according to the subject and objectives, the descriptive method has been used. Discussion Perhaps Heidegger's main motive for criticizing metaphysics and subjectivism is to answer the crisis of ni
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