مفهوم سازی «مرگ» در داستان های کودک: بر اساس طرحواره های کاربردشناختی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
طرحواره های کاربردشناختی، طرحواره هایی هستند که وابسته به بافتِ موقعیتی و کاربردی فراخوانده می شوند. این پژوهش در پی رده بندی آن دسته از طرحواره های کاربردشناختی است که زیربنای مفهوم سازی های «مرگ» اند. دامنه پژوهش حاضر داستان های واجد درون مایه مرگ اندیشی در گروه سنی «ب» و «ج» است. هر یک از این داستان ها به مثابه موقعیتی عینی برای فراخوانی طرحواره مرگ است. پژوهش پیش ِرو با روش تحلیلی توصیفی در پی پاسخ گویی به چگونگی کارکرد بافت موقعیتیِ داستان در شکل دهی و فراخوانی طرحواره مرگ است. نتیجه پژوهش هفت کارگفتِ موقعیتی را به عنوان پایه مفهومیِ مرگ معرفی می کند: خودویران گری، قتل، مرگ هراسی، مرگ گریزی، مرگ تعلیقی، داغ دیدگی، درگذشت طبیعی. ازآنجا که مفاهیمی مانند «مردن» ماهیتا انتزاعی، فلسفی و برانگیزنده عواطف منفی هستند؛ شیوه انتقال این مفاهیم به کودک همواره مورد مناقشه بوده است. این پژوهش نشان می دهد داستان ها با به کارگیری طرحواره های کاربردشناختی مختلف، موقعیتی امن برای درونی سازی تجربه های آسیب زایی چون «مرگ» فراهم می سازند. مقاله حاضر برای نخستین بار مرگ پژوهی (تاناتولوژی) را در ادبیات کودک مورد مداقّه قرار می دهد.Conceptualizing "Death" in Children's Books: Based on Pragmatic Schemas
Deploying pragmatic schemas is contingent on the given situational and utilitarian context. This research aims to categorize the pragmatic schemas under the conceptual framework of "death." The research's purview includes narratives that ponder the notion of death within age groups "B" and "C" (+7 & +10). Each narrative is a tangible scenario for eliciting the schema associated with death. Through a blend of descriptive and analytical methods, this study probes the influence of a narrative's contextual backdrop in molding and eliciting the death schema. The study delineates seven pragmemes defining the concept of death: self-annihilation, homicide, thanatophobia, evasion of death, suspended death, mourning, and natural death. Given the inherently abstract and philosophical nature of the concept of "dying," which typically triggers adverse emotional responses, the mode of its communication to a youthful audience has, historically, been a matter of debate. The findings indicate that stories can utilize various pragmatic schemas to generate a secure environment for the assimilation of life's distressing events, like "death." In a pioneering exploration, this document delves into the study of thanatology within children's literature. Keywords: Children's Story, Cognitive Linguistic, Schema, Conceptualization, thanatology, death. Introduction This study explores how narratives for children portray the concept of death. Using categories, conceptual metaphors, and schemas serves as three fundamental analytical instruments to probe into such conceptualizations. This paper explicitly employs schemas—particularly pragmatic schemas—to scrutinize the representations of "death." The essence of pragmatic schemas lies in their role as foundational structures guiding the interpretation of meaning in linguistic interactions. These schemas are hierarchically associated with speech acts, pragmemes, and practs. Pragmemes are identified as core, universal, and context-dependent exemplars of pragmatic acts, which are realized in one or more distinct contexts (Mey, 2010: 2884). Practs are the concrete realizations or particular instances of pragmemes (Sharifian, 2019: 63). Research Methodology An extensive review of scholarly sources has shaped this analytical-descriptive study with a schema-centered approach. Out of one hundred and eighty storybooks targeted at "B" and "C" age categories, forty-three texts were found to explicitly integrate concepts related to contemplating death. Discussion and Analysis 1- Self-destruction These pragmemes interpret the notion of self-inflicted demise not as an occurrence that seeks out the protagonist but as a choice that the protagonist willingly makes. In certain narratives, self-inflicted demise stems from profound love rather than ennui, meaning the protagonist opts for death driven by the intensity of their affection. 2- Homicide As outlined by these pragmemes, the narrative's protagonist deliberately kills other characters (with a reminder that this investigation attributes significance to the protagonist for the purpose of conceptualization, not to the secondary characters). In such narratives, acts of deliberate killing by the hero are often driven by a desire for retribution, yet these acts are not confined to personal vendettas nor limited to individual circumstances. Within anti-war narratives, the killing transforms from an individual act to a collective phenomenon, framed not simply by the usual context of murder but by particular pragmemes related to widespread slaughter and warfare. 3- thanatophobia Here, the protagonist is characterized by their aversion or profound phobia of death, sentiments that are typically altered by the narrative's conclusion. The story portrays death as a progression to a superior state of existence. The protagonist's transformation in perception underscores the narrative's didactic import and ideological, often religion-centric undertones. 4- Evasion of Death While thanato
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