Huda Labash

Background: Smart contract is defined as a self-executing contract that runs on the distributed ledger technology, called block chain and has attracted much attention as a promising application for improving efficiency, accountability and reliability in telecommunications and related sectors. But problems like scalability issues, recurrent resource inefficiencies, and threats posed by new quantum computing technologies hinder their broad usage and effectiveness. Solving these problems is crucially important to further development of blockchain systems and to provide for them ongoing stability in complex contexts. Objective: Towards this goal, the current study proposes a comprehensive blockchain framework that incorporates these computational intelligence techniques and quantum-safe cryptography in an effort to address scalability, security, and efficiency issues. This research aims at solving practical problems and identifying the potential applications for blockchain in telecommunication and other fields. Methods: An evidence-based approach including detailed literature reviews, qualitative expert interviews, and simulation studies was adopted. Experimental conditions involved latency, throughput, energy, and scalability factors in order to assess single-photon detection. Telecommunications providers engaged in pilot tests to determine the practical usability of the system. Results: The improvement in the aspects of the system that was proposed were high improvements that were achieved as follows: 75% improvement in scalability, 25% improvement in latency, and the preferred quantum-resistant cryptography. Substantial gain in energy efficiency was estimated to be 40%, while field implementations ensured versatility of the system in the areas that differ from a city or even desert. Conclusion: These findings provide support to the proposition that blockchain systems hold the key to revolutionizing telecommunications. With that, the solution of the critical limitations of this research makes it the basis for further development to maintain blockchain technology secure, scalable, and sustainable in the quantum period.

Background: Digital twin (DT) technologies have become significant enablers of urban management, utilising real-time information, data analytics, and IoT connectivity to manage challenging urban issues. Nonetheless, existing studies reveal the capacity of the DTs, while their generalization, flexibility, and cross-disciplinary application for various urban environments are not thoroughly studied yet. Objective: This article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of DT technologies in improving traffic management, energy efficiency, infrastructure maintenance, and public safety across six case study cities: There are Singapore, Helsinki, Barcelona, Dubai, New York, and Tokyo. The study examines how DTs can be extended and implemented to target urban issues and how their use operational performance might be optimized. Methods: The study used quantitative data processing, on-line data analysis with factorization and machine learning, and assessment of the case studies. Quantitative measures which included traffic flow, energy loss, down time, and response to emergency situations were investigated pre and post DT application. The improvements mentioned were statistically confirmed, and the metrics of scalability and adaptability were evaluated in the course of the cities. Results: DT technologies increased traffic flow by up to 42.9%, reduced energy losses by 35%, minimum down time was 42%, emergency response was 44.9%. This was the case because the network had high IoT coverage and because DTs were applied to the context when it specifically needed them. Conclusion: The study proves that DTs can be implemented in different environments due to their flexibility to accommodate different urban conditions. AI and cross domain integration can add to the effectiveness of DT in general and both are inarguably now crucial for the management of contemporary urban environment.