Sarah Haitham Jameel

Background: The rapid development of fifth-generation (5G) networks highlights challenges in extending coverage to remote and underserved areas due to infrastructure limitations and cost constraints. UAVs (drones) equipped with 5G base stations emerge as an innovative solution to this problem. Objective: This study aims to analyze the potential of drones as mobile 5G base stations to enhance connectivity in remote regions, addressing challenges like optimal deployment, energy efficiency, and user coverage. Methods: The research utilizes algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) for placement and energy management of drone-based 5G stations. Simulation models were employed to test these algorithms, with key metrics including coverage efficiency and energy consumption. Results: The study shows that drone-based stations can significantly improve coverage in remote areas, achieving up to 95% user coverage with optimized algorithms. Tethered drones and advanced energy management strategies were instrumental in enhancing endurance. Conclusion: Drones as mobile 5G base stations present a feasible and scalable approach to bridging the digital divide in remote regions. However, energy and regulatory challenges remain critical areas for future research.

Background: Digital literacy, education, and human right of internet are also hampered in rural areas keeping the rural people more backward in the technological advancement and not providing them better chance of socioeconomic development. The opportunity of implementing the new 5G technologies can give the new perspective in the elimination of such disparities manifested through the improvement of the connection, the decrease of latency, and the increase of data transfer rates. This research study established that the adoption of 5G for coverage in rural areas is challenged by technical, economic and policy factors. Objective: The article aims at analyzing the technical, economic, and social aspects of 5G technology in the rural context in order to identify such problem the development of appropriate solutions for infrastructure costs, spectrum availability, and consumers. In pursuing this goal, the research seeks to develop practical recommendations on enhancing deployment strategies to increase Internet access where it is scarce. Methods: The study therefore used an exploratory, theoretical-evaluative, and finally empirical approach that involved quantitative modeling, case studies, and key informant interviews. Latency, data throughput, and coverage stand as the most significant factors which were tested using network simulation. Level of cost was used to determine economic feasibility while data for qualitative analysis were obtained from a survey of policymakers and telecom operators, and focus group discussion with rural community leaders. Results: In the case of 5G, the implementation of the system led to a 75% reduction in latency, a 600% improvement in the data throughput, and a 300% increase in coverage area. This finding revealed that the partnerships as a deployment model were the most effective as they resulted to a 58%ROI and lowered infrastructure costs. Conclusion: The study reaffirms the innovation of 5G to rural areas and develops agriculture, healthcare services, and educational systems. Policies, investments in the right areas, optimal management of the available spectrum and engaging with the communities as required should be a key focus for deployment to be just.