مصوبات کنفرانس دولت های عضو کنوانسیون مبارزه با فساد سازمان ملل متحد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
شکل گیری معاهدات مبنایی، تلاشی است از سوی کشورها برای حرکت رو به جلو و رویارویی با شرایط و واقعیت های جدید. این ترتیبات، گاهی تلاش دارند از طریق ایجاد کنفرانس دولت های عضو و تصویب یک سری اسناد، در جهت نیل به این هدف گام بردارند. در این رابطه این سؤال مطرح می شود که ماهیت حقوقی این ترتیبات و مصوبات کنفرانس دولت های عضو چیست و اصولاً چه کارکردی دارند؟ به نظر می رسد با وجود برخی مشابهت ها با سازمان های بین المللی، می بایست همچنان آن ها را در قالب ترتیبات مربوط به حقوق معاهدات بررسی و مصوبات ناشی از تصمیمات کنفرانس دولت های عضو را به جز در موارد مشخص و وجود اراده صریح، در قالب حقوق نرم ارزیابی کرد. مصوبات کنفرانس دولت های عضو در کنار جنبه تقنینی، اجرایی و شبه قضایی، به ویژه در چارچوب مصوبات کنوانسیون مبارزه با فساد، می توانند کارکردهایی چون رویارویی با واقعیت های جدید و غیرقابل پیش بینی، توجه به نیازهای خاص برخی از کشورها، تلاش برای اجرای بخش های مغفول-مانده، ایجاد سازوکارهای اجرایی جامع و موردی داشته باشند.Resolutions and Decisions of the Conference of States Parties of the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Framework treaties are one of the means to confront rapid changes in the arena of international law, and the necessity of appropriate responses to them. The use of framework treaties, first initiated in environmental law, has spread to other fields, including crime prevention and control, because of their efficiency. One of these fields pertains to the United Nations Convention against Corruption and its Conference of States Parties. States Parties of this convention seek to respond to challenges ahead through such arrangement. The nature of the decision of the Conference of States Parties is a crucial question that we need to respond to. To find the answer, we need to analyze the nature of other Conference of States Parties’ decisions and legal observations surrounding them, and pay due attention to their functions. To that end, reviewing scholars’ observations in particular the International Law Commission’s report and the content of these resolutions is vital. This research, by analytic and descriptive methods, made clear that United Nations Conventions against Corruption CoSP resolutions and decisions, like other CoSP of other international treaties and instruments, are not mandatory and belong to soft law. This statement applies, unless through the words and text of these resolutions such commitment can be clear and conceivable. Since, the research on framework treaties and the nature of CoSP decisions are scant, the present study can be beneficial for recognizing and explaining their content. In particular, current research is done by focusing on United Nations Conventions on Corruption and makes clear more aspects, such as the content of resolution and facing issues. Such research meanwhile helps to an overall understanding of framework treaties and institutional arrangements like CoSP, provide decent recognition from the content of the United Nations Convention against Corruption decisions and resolutions. Another significant feature of the present article is the practical experience and engagement of the author during the negotiation of various documents of the Conference of States Parties of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Such experience is mostly gained in author’s presence as the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the rounds of conferences of State Parties including the Ninth round (Sharm el-sheikh Egypt 2022), Political Declaration of the United Nations against Corruption, and other relevant documents on preventing and combatting crime. As such. The article aims to provide and facilitate the way for better understanding the formation and creation of documents pertaining to United Nations Convention against Corruption. Furthermore, apart from the legal content of these documents, the article clarifies member States’ stance on these documents, in particular when they draft and propose specific issues due to their needs and challenges .It becomes clear that the ratification of these documents by member States is not solely due to clarifying the framework convention or the progressive development of legal notions; rather, it reflects the real needs and demands of the member States. Several attributes have contributed to the increased use of these methods: flexibility, progressive development, adaptation to contemporary realities, the possibility for all member States to participate, and access to financial and technical support for implementing commitments, considering domestic features and the cooperation needs of States in preventing and combating crime. We can see that there is high capacity to use this way in other legal and international fields for resolving the problems and obstacles that lie ahead. Recognizing and paying appropriate attention to these procedures and also making efforts to enhance and modify these methods are crucial in the future. It is also worth mentioning that in the legal literature of Iran, little attentions has been paid to the notion of framework conventions and other relevant issues, in particular, legal consequences of Conference of States Parties. And it is imperative to clarify the stance and position of such arrangements and legal effects of their decisions. The Islamic Republic of Iran has entered various framework conventions, hence it is crucial to distinguish these arrangements from other legal paradigms, in particular traditional and modern methods, and understand them as a compromise, and in necessary situations try to use their capacities.
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