گونه شناسی سکونتگاه های روستایی واقع در محدوده جنگلی منطقه هورامان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هورامان، در غرب ایران، یکی از مناطق غنی از جنگل های طبیعی و سکونتگاه های تاریخی است که بیش از 700 روستا را در خود جای داده است. در این پژوهش، 267 روستا در محدوده جنگلی این منطقه انتخاب و الگوهای سکونتگاهی آن ها بررسی شد. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، گونه شناسی سکونتگاه های روستایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر شکل گیری آن ها بود. شاخص هایی شامل ویژگی های طبیعی مانند توپوگرافی، آب وهوا، پوشش گیاهی و خاک، و عوامل انسانی نظیر دسترسی به جاده ها، رودخانه ها و امکانات رفاهی بررسی شدند. داده های لازم از اسناد موجود جمع آوری و با نرم افزار ArcGIS تحلیل شدند . نتایج نشان داد که سکونتگاه های روستایی به سه گونه اصلی متمرکز، پراکنده و خطی تقسیم می شوند. گونه متمرکز معمولاً در مناطقی با دسترسی محدود و اراضی قابل کشت مشاهده می شود، گونه پراکنده در مناطق با پوشش گیاهی گسترده و منابع طبیعی فراوان شکل گرفته است و گونه خطی عمدتاً در امتداد جاده ها و رودخانه ها قرار دارد. این الگوها بازتاب دهنده تعامل پیچیده بین عوامل طبیعی و انسانی مانند فاصله از جاده ها و منابع آبی، قابلیت اراضی، شرایط رطوبتی خاک و میزان فرسایش هستند . یافته های پژوهش اهمیت درک الگوهای سکونتگاهی و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر آن ها را در برنامه ریزی توسعه پایدار و حفاظت از محیط زیست منطقه نشان می دهد. این مطالعه می تواند مبنایی برای تدوین سیاست های مدیریتی و حفاظت از منابع طبیعی جنگل های هورامان باشد .Typology of Rural Settlements in the Forested Area of Hawraman
Hawraman Region located in the forested areas of western Iran serves as a distinctive example of rural settlement shaped by both natural and cultural factors. This study examined the typology and spatial distribution of 267 rural settlements in the area, focusing on the interplay between topographic features, climate conditions, and human activity. The research aimed to understand how these elements influenced settlement patterns and to provide recommendations for sustainable development that balanced ecological preservation with human needs. The settlements in Hawraman were classified into 3 main types: clustered, linear, and dispersed. Clustered settlements predominantly occupied fertile valleys, where rich soils, reliable water sources, and favorable microclimates facilitated intensive agriculture and robust community networks. These settlements exhibited compact layouts that promoted social cohesion, efficient resource use, and economic stability. Linear settlements were aligned along natural and constructed corridors, such as rivers and roads, utilizing these pathways for transport, trade, and irrigation. This alignment enhanced agricultural productivity and strengthened connections between communities. In contrast, dispersed settlements were situated in rugged and less fertile terrains, relying on extensive land use for grazing and forestry. While these communities demonstrated human resilience, they often faced challenges related to isolation, limited access to services, and economic marginality. A mixed-methods approach was employed in this study, incorporating GIS analysis, field surveys, and archival research. Key indicators, including soil fertility, vegetation coverage, proximity to rivers, and road accessibility, were evaluated to understand the environmental and human factors shaping settlement patterns. The findings underscored the critical role of natural resources in determining settlement locations while also highlighting the influence of cultural traditions, economic practices, and infrastructure development. In Hawraman, clustered and linear settlements thrived due to their access to fertile soil and water, optimizing resource utilization and infrastructure. In contrast, dispersed settlements faced challenges, such as marginal landscapes, soil erosion, and limited access to services. This study advocated for sustainable planning that protected the region's ecological and cultural heritage through initiatives like soil conservation, reforestation, eco-tourism, and infrastructure enhancement. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern strategies, the research aimed to bolster community resilience and forest preservation. Overall, this research enhanced our understanding of the relationship between rural settlement patterns and environmental factors in a culturally significant region. By addressing the unique challenges and opportunities in Hawraman, it provided a framework for sustainable rural development that respected both ecological integrity and human needs. The findings emphasized the importance of adaptive strategies that balanced growth with conservation, ensuring the long-term vitality of Hawraman Region and its communities. Keywords : Typology, Rural Settlement, Forested Area, Hawraman. Introduction Hawraman Region located in the forested western areas of Iran exemplifies a unique interplay between natural environments and human settlement patterns. This area characterized by rich biodiversity and challenging topography has historically been shaped by the adaptive strategies of its inhabitants. The villages in this region nestled among mountains, valleys, and forests reflect a profound connection between human activity and ecological resources. Settlements in Hawraman are influenced by a variety of factors, including topography, climate, soil quality, water availability, and cultural practices. These factors have led to the emergence of diverse settlement typologies, such as clustered, linear, and dispersed patterns. Each typology illustrates the distinct ways communities have managed resources, addressed environmental challenges, and established resilient socio-economic systems. In recognition of its historical significance and ecological value, Hawraman was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2020. This acknowledgment underscores the importance of preserving its cultural and natural heritage while promoting sustainable development. As urbanization and environmental degradation threaten the region's delicate balance, understanding the spatial organization and typology of rural settlements becomes increasingly critical. This study aimed to analyze the settlement patterns in Hawraman, identifying the factors that shaped them and proposing strategies for sustainable planning that harmonized conservation efforts with community needs. Materials & Methods This study employed a mixed-methods approach to analyze the typology and spatial distribution of rural settlements in Hawraman Region. Data collection involved Geographic Information Systems (GIS), field surveys, and archival research. Key indicators—including soil fertility, vegetation coverage, water sources, road networks, and topographic features—were assessed to determine their influence on settlement patterns. The settlements were classified into 3 main types: clustered, linear, and dispersed. This classification was based on spatial arrangements and their relationships with both natural and human-made factors. Data were gathered from official sources, including statistical yearbooks, satellite imagery, and reports from organizations, such as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture and Department of Housing. The collected data were analyzed using GIS software to map and evaluate settlement patterns. The results offered a comprehensive understanding of how environmental and socio-economic factors interacted to shape rural habitation, providing valuable insights for sustainable development planning. Research Findings The analysis revealed the following: Clustered Settlements: Predominantly located in fertile valleys, these villages benefited from rich soils, reliable water sources, and favorable microclimates. They were characterized by compact housing arrangements and strong community networks. Linear Settlements: Aligned along rivers and roads, these settlements illustrated the impact of transportation and irrigation infrastructure. They provided efficient access to resources and facilitated trade. Dispersed Settlements: Common in areas with limited arable land, these settlements were sparsely populated and relied heavily on extensive natural resources, such as forests and grazing lands. They often encountered challenges in accessing public services and maintaining economic viability. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study illuminated the complex relationship between environmental factors, socio-economic conditions, and settlement patterns in Hawraman Region. Clustered settlements primarily located in fertile valleys exemplified how communities optimized resource availability—such as water and arable land—while fostering strong social and economic networks. These settlements benefited from proximity to essential resources, which enabled sustainable agriculture and enhanced the quality of life for residents. Linear settlements reflected the historical significance of transport and trade routes, often aligning along rivers and roads. This alignment facilitated irrigation, trade, and connectivity, thereby boosting the economic vitality of these communities. However, their reliance on linear infrastructure rendered them vulnerable to disruptions in these pathways. In contrast, dispersed settlements were shaped by the marginality of the landscapes they occupied. Limited arable land and inadequate infrastructure presented significant challenges, including soil erosion, deforestation, and restricted access to services. While these settlements demonstrated community resilience, their sustainability was jeopardized without targeted interventions. The study emphasized the need for sustainable planning to address these challenges. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern approaches—such as soil conservation, reforestation, and infrastructure improvement—long-term resilience can be supported in these communities. Preserving Hawraman’s ecological and cultural heritage through these measures will ensure balanced and sustainable development. This study illustrated how environmental and socio-economic factors influenced the typology of rural settlements in Hawraman Region, highlighting 3 primary patterns: clustered, linear, and dispersed. Clustered settlements thrived in fertile valleys, utilizing rich resources to promote sustainable agriculture and foster strong community cohesion. Linear settlements located along rivers and roads emphasized the significance of transport and trade routes in enhancing connectivity and stimulating economic activity. In contrast, dispersed settlements, while demonstrating human adaptability in marginal landscapes, encountered substantial challenges related to isolation, limited resources, and environmental degradation. The findings underscored the necessity for sustainable planning that balanced development with ecological preservation. Recommended strategies included soil conservation, reforestation programs, infrastructure improvements, and eco-tourism initiatives to provide alternative livelihoods. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern strategies, these measures can bolster the resilience of rural communities and safeguard Hawraman’s unique cultural and ecological heritage, ensuring the region’s long-term sustainability and prosperity.
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