تأثیر تغییر راهبرد امام سجاد(ع) پس از واقعه کربلا: مطالعه تطبیقی فعالیت های علمی و سیاسی یاران امام حسن(ع) در دوره سفیانی و مروانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
باور به ریشه داشتن اوج گیری فعالیت های علمی عصر صادقین(ع) در تغییر رویکرد امام سجاد(ع) پس از واقعه کربلا در تحقیقات شیعی روبه گسترش است؛ ازاین رو در مقاله حاضر تأثیر تغییر راهبرد اتخاذشده از دوره امامت امام سجاد(ع) بر فعالیت های علمی و سیاسی یاران امام حسن مجتبی(ع) بررسی شده است که تعداد بسیاری از آنان دوره حاکمان سفیانی (41-64ق) و مروانی (64-132ق) را درک کردند. بر این اساس، انتظار می رود که در بررسی تاریخی عملکرد اصحاب امام حسن(ع) فعالیت های سیاسی مخالف با حاکمیت، در ضمن گذر به دوره مروانی به تدریج کاهشی و فعالیت های علمی آنان افزایشی باشد؛ ازاین رو برای فهم میزان تغییرات فعالیت های علمی و سیاسی یاران امام حسن(ع) در دو دوره سفیانی و مروانی از روش کمی، مبتنی بر اسلوب فراوانی سنجی استفاده شده است. نتیجه پژوهش با در نظر داشتن فراوانی فعالیت های یاران امام(ع) در هر دوره، فضای سیاسی حاکم بر جامعه و نیز عملکرد کلی ائمه(ع) حاصل شده است. کاهش محسوس فعالیت های سیاسی و افزایش فعالیت های علمی در سال های 73 تا 95ق در مقایسه با دوره سفیانی، از تأثیر تدریجی تغییر راهبرد امام سجاد(ع) بر فعالیت های یاران امام حسن(ع) حکایت دارد. درحالی که به نظر می رسد در ابتدای دوره مروانی (64-73ق) فعالیت های سیاسی یاران امام(ع) بیشتر متأثر از فضای حاکم بر جامعه و به ویژه کوفه بوده است تا شیوه عمل امام سجاد(ع).The Impact of Imam al-Sajjad’s (AS) Strategic Shift after the Tragedy of Karbala: A Comparative Study of the Scholarly and Political Activities of Imam Hasan’s Companions during the Sufyanid and Marwanid Periods
This study investigates the strategic shift initiated by Imam al-Sajjad (AS) following the tragedy of Karbala and analyzes its impact on the scholarly and political activities of Imam Hasan’s companions. Many of them lived through both the Sufyanid (41–64 AH) and Marwanid (64–132 AH) periods, making them a suitable group for assessing the long-term effects of this shift. Employing a frequency-based statistical analysis and drawing on early Islamic sources, this research identifies patterns in the evolution of their activities. The findings indicate a significant decline in political engagement and a marked rise in scholarly pursuits among the companions of Imam Hasan (AS) between 73 and 95 AH. This suggests that Imam al-Sajjad’s long-term strategy gradually influenced the companions’ orientation toward intellectual efforts. However, during the early Marwanid period (64–73 AH), the political climate of Kufa appears to have exerted a more immediate influence on their behavior than the Imam’s strategic direction.
Keywords : Imam Sajjad (AS); Imam Hasan’s Companions; Political Activity; Scholarly Activity; Sufyanids; Marwanids.
Introduction
Many Shi‘i studies attribute the flourishing of intellectual activity during the eras of Imams al-Baqir (AS) and al-Sadiq (AS) to a strategic shift initiated by Imam al-Sajjad (AS) after the tragedy of Karbala. Among those who have addressed this view, Hosseinizadeh (2023) has notably expanded on it, characterizing the shift as a turning point in the strategic orientation of the Shi‘i Imams that laid the foundations for a politically and ideologically conscious community. Based on this premise, it is expected that with the transition from the Sufyanid period (41–64 AH) to the Marwanid period (64–132 AH), overt political activities among the Imams’ companions would have declined, while their scholarly pursuits would have increased. The central question of this study is: What impact did Imam al-Sajjad’s (AS) strategic shift have on the scholarly and political activities of the companions of Imam Hasan (AS), many of whom lived through both periods?
This issue has not been independently examined. In the political sphere, previous research has largely focused on prominent individuals such as Ibn ‘Abbas or Hujr ibn ‘Adi. In the scholarly domain, studies are limited to a few descriptive works on Ibn ‘Abbas (Sadeqi et al., 2016) and two books by Baghestani (2017) and Bakhshi and Safari Furushani (2015), which only address partial aspects of these figures’ lives. This study seeks to fill that gap by comparing the companions’ scholarly and political engagement in order to evaluate the historical roots of a growing thesis in Shi‘i scholarship.
Materials and Methods
This research adopts a historical approach and employs a descriptive-analytical method based on frequency analysis of data. The data were extracted from early Islamic sources, including biographical dictionaries ( kutub al-rijāl ), general histories, and collections of individual biographies ( tarājim ). The companions’ activities were categorized into two domains: scholarly and political. Scholarly activities refer to proficiency in, or recognition for, engagement with one of the prevalent Islamic sciences of the period. Political activities are defined by alignment with, or opposition to, the Umayyad caliphate and are further classified into subcategories.
The extracted data were organized into tables and analyzed quantitatively to identify patterns. The classification of individuals was based on their actual recorded behavior rather than solely on the year of death. A clear chronological boundary was set at 73 A.H, marking the consolidation of Marwanid power under ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān, which served as a turning point for the onset of scholarly activity in the Marwanid period.
This methodology allows for a structured comparison between the scholarly and political trajectories of Imam Hasan’s companions across the Sufyanid and Marwanid periods. It also enables an empirical assessment of how Imam al-Sajjad’s (AS) strategic shift influenced their changing roles within the broader sociopolitical and intellectual landscape of early Islam.
Research Findings
The data analysis reveals three clear trends:
Decline in Political Activities
During the Sufyanid period, many companions of Imam Hasan (AS) were actively involved in protests, uprisings, and open opposition to Umayyad rule. However, following the consolidation of Marwanid authority after 73 AH, such political activities significantly declined. This decline was not only due to intensified political suppression but also reflected the gradual influence of Imam al-Sajjad’s (AS) strategic redirection.
Increase in Scholarly Activities
Alongside the decline in political activism, an increased inclination toward scholarly engagement emerged among the companions. Although the Marwanid period (73–95 AH) covered a shorter timeframe than the Sufyanid period (41–73 AH), the proportion of individuals involved as transmitters of hadith , scholars, jurists, authors, and historians noticeably increased. This intellectual development laid the groundwork for the later scholarly renaissance led by Imams al-Baqir and al-Sadiq (AS).
Transitional Phase (64–73 AH)
During this intermediate phase, the socio-political environment of Kufa continued to shape the behavior of the companions, and political involvement remained prevalent. Nevertheless, available evidence suggests that the teachings and strategic approach of Imam al-Sajjad (AS) had begun to exert a subtle but growing influence.
These findings indicate a gradual but significant transformation in the orientation of the companions, shifting from political confrontation toward sustained scholarly contribution under the guidance of Imam al-Sajjad (AS).
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
This study confirms the pivotal role of Imam al-Sajjad (AS) following the tragedy of Karbala in redirecting the focus of Imam Hasan’s companions from overt political confrontation to scholarly engagement. By extracting, comparing, and historically analyzing the political and scholarly activities of these companions across the Sufyanid (41–64 AH) and Marwanid (64–132 AH) periods, the research demonstrates that this strategic shift—acting as a significant influencing factor—gradually led to a reduction in the frequency of certain political activities, eventually resulting in the complete disappearance of some of them during the Marwanid era.
Although the political climate of Kufa gave rise to a new form of political expression in this later period, the overall decline in traditional political involvement is notable. Despite the shorter duration of the Marwanid period (73–95 AH), the smaller sample size, and the reduced variety of scholarly roles, a notable rise is observed in engagements in early Islamic intellectual and scholarly efforts. This scholarly growth, alongside the significant decline in political activism, supports the hypothesis that the strategic reorientation introduced by Imam al-Sajjad (AS) had a tangible impact on the conduct of Imam Hasan’s companions.
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