مجهول سازی افعال دومفعولی در زبان فارسی از منظر حرکت متقارن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در پژوهش حاضر، مجهول سازی افعال دومفعولی در زبان فارسی که دارای متمم های اجباری هستند با استفاده از رویکرد حرکت متقارن بررسی و تحلیل می شود. در مجهول سازی جمله های دارای این نوع از افعال، امکان حرکت هر یک از متمم های فعل به جایگاه فاعل در جمله مجهول وجود دارد، درحالیکه مطابق با اصل کوتاه ترین حرکت، تنها گروه نزدیک به هسته جستجوگر باید به جایگاه مشخصگر این هسته حرکت کند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهند که در زبان فارسی مجهول سازی جمله های دارای این نوع از افعال، با حرکت مفعول مستقیم و مفعول غیرمستقیم به جایگاه مشخصگر هسته بیشینه زمان در جمله مجهول انجام می شود، اما حرکت سازه مفعول غیرمستقیم به این جایگاه باعث ایجاد جمله نشان دار معنایی می شود. سایر نتایج نشان می دهند که ترتیب خطی مفعول مستقیم و غیرمستقیم نسبت به یکدیگر در جمله معلوم، و نیز مشخصه های معنایی مفعول مستقیم، مانند حالت جانداری و نقش های معنایی مفعول غیرمستقیم، هیچ گونه تأثیری در جملات مجهول ساخته شده از افعال گذرای دومفعولی ندارند.Passivization of Ditransitive Verbs in Persian Based on Symmetric Move Approach
This research examines the passivization of sentences with ditransitive verbs in Persian, based on the notion of symmetric move. The two objects of these sentences can move to the specifier of the tense head in the passive sentence. However, according to the Shortest Move principle in the Minimalism Programme, only the nearest constituent to the probe head should be allowed to move. The study results, based on Persian language samples, indicate that the direct and indirect object can move to the specifier of the tense head in passive sentences with ditransitive verbs but moving the indirect object to this position produces semantically marked sentence. Furthermore, making the passive voice of these sentences is free from the specificity and definiteness feature of the direct object, which is determined by the presence or absence of the accusative case form ra . This study also found that the linear order of objects and the semantic roles of the indirect object in the active sentence do not affect the feasibility of transforming sentences with ditransitive verbs into the passive form in Persian language. Introduction Based on the traditional notion of ditransitive verbs, also known as three-placed predicates, these verbs have one direct and one indirect object. In Persian, the direct object, when definite, is marked by the preposition ra , while the indirect object, regardless of its definiteness, is introduced by a preposition and can carry various thematic roles such as beneficiary, goal, place, tool, or source. Citko (2011a) categorizes languages according to whether, in passivization, the direct object, the indirect object, or both can become the subject of the sentence. In some languages, only one of the objects can be promoted to subject position in passives ( asymmetric passive ), whereas in others, both the direct and indirect objects can undergo this movement ( symmetric passive ). Citko (2011a:5) provided empirical evidence supporting the existence of symmetry in syntax and argued that syntactic operations (such as merge, move, and label) are inherently symmetric. In the hierarchical structure of passive sentences containing three-placed predicates, Citko (2011a:109) identifies a probe that has an uninterpretable EPP feature, along with two nominal groups—the direct and indirect objects—that each bear an interpretable [N] feature. This syntactic arrangement is represented in the following figure: Figure 1. The hierarchical structure of ditransitive sentence based on Citko (2011a:109) Citko's research demonstrated that in languages like English, Norwegian, and Icelandic, both the direct and indirect objects (labeled α and β) can move to the specifier of the λ-head to satisfy the uninterpretable feature. However, in some languages, only one of these objects can move due to the Shortest Movement principle, which dictates that only the nearest constituent can occupy the specifier position. This research investigates three primary questions in the context of Persian: Is it possible to passivize sentences with ditransitive verbs in Persian? Can both direct and indirect objects move to the specifier of the tense head in Persian passives and serve as the subject? If both movements are possible, do the resulting passive sentences differ in form or meaning? Literature Review Three-placed predicates have been extensively studied in various languages within the generative grammar framework. Scholars such as Oehrle (1976), Czepluch (1982), Kayne (1984), Siewierska (1998), Peterson (2007), and Citko (2011a, Citko et al. 2017) have explored this topic in languages other than Persian. In Persian, notable studies include Moayedi and Lotfi (2013), Zarei et al. (2019), and Tabibzadeh (2006). A key cross-linguistic difference relates to the capacity for symmetric passive constructions—that is, whether both direct and indirect objects can move to the specifier of the tense head in the passive voice. This topic has been prominently investigated in Bantu languages. For example, in Swahili, both the direct object and the indirect object with a locative role can be promoted to subject position in passive constructions, resulting in grammatical sentences. However, other indirect objects, such as those with the thematic roles of beneficiary or goal, cannot be promoted in the same way. Negonyani (1996:38-39) explained that when forming a passive sentence from an active sentence containing a direct object and an indirect object with beneficiary or goal roles, only the indirect object can become the subject in the passive form. Movement of the direct object to the subject position in such cases leads to ungrammatical sentences. Methodology This research applies the Symmetric Move framework proposed by Citko (2011a) to investigate passivization of ditransitive verbs in Persian. In this model, both the direct and indirect objects in a ditransitive construction are candidates for movement to the specifier of the tense head in passives. Citko (2011a:109) identifies four typological patterns regarding the movement of objects in passives: Only the indirect object moves to the specifier of the tense head (e.g., Danish). Only the direct object moves (e.g., Spanish and German, where indirect objects have distinct case marking). Both objects can move, yielding grammatical sentences (e.g., English and Icelandic). Neither object can move to the specifier of the tense head. Additionally, Citko (2011a:145) proposed that case valuation for direct and indirect objects in applicative constructions originates from two syntactic heads: the applicative head and the little vP head . If both objects carry structural case features, the applicative head assigns the case for the direct object, and the little vP head handles the indirect object’s case valuation: Figure 2: Valuing the case feature of the direct and indirect objects based on Citko (2011a:145) In the process of passivization, the passive maximal projection head absorbs the case-assigning capability of one of these heads. If the ability of the little vP head to value the case of the indirect object is absorbed, the tense head will assign case to the indirect object, prompting its movement to the specifier position via the EPP feature. Conversely, if the applicative head’s case assignment ability is absorbed, the direct object is assigned case by the tense head and moves accordingly. This theoretical framework accounts for cross-linguistic variation regarding which object can move in passive constructions. Whether the applicative head or little vP head is neutralized by the passive projection determines the path of object movement. Conclusion By applying Citko’s (2011a) Symmetric Move framework to Persian, this study examined various constructions containing ditransitive verbs, while considering factors like word order, animacy, definiteness, and thematic roles of the objects. The results indicate that in Persian, ditransitive verbs can indeed be passivized, and both direct and indirect objects are structurally capable of moving to the specifier of the tense head in passive constructions. However, when the indirect object moves to this position, the resulting sentence tends to be semantically marked , suggesting a degree of pragmatic or interpretive markedness even though the structure is grammatical. Moreover, the study found that semantic features of the direct object, such as animacy, and the thematic roles of the indirect object (beneficiary, goal, place, tool, etc.) do not constrain the formation of passive sentences in Persian. Additionally, the relative word order of the two objects in the active sentence does not affect the possibility or grammaticality of forming the passive sentence. In summary, Persian exhibits a type of symmetric passive capability, comparable to languages like English and Icelandic, although certain movements, particularly involving the indirect object, result in semantically marked outputs. This insight enriches the typological understanding of Persian in the context of passivization and object movement in ditransitive constructions.
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