جدال هم افزایِ تخیلات واقع گرا؛ بررسی گزاره های رئالیسم جادویی در دور رمان کافکا در کرانه اثر موراکامی و شجره العابد اثر عمار علی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نمادهای واقعی تخیُّل گریز بوده و مفاهیم و صور انتزاعی نیز به صورت بنیادین پیوندی با نمادهای رئالیستی ندارند، اما محمل ادبیات آوردگاهی است که این دو سویه ناهمگون از تأملات منطق گریز را واجد پیوندی ناگسستنی می کند، به گونه ای که گاه مرز میان آنها قابل تشخیص نیست، بخصوص در مؤلفه هایی چون رازگونگی، پوچ گرایی، فضای وهم آلود، دگردیسی و مسخ شدگی و تا حدودی صوفی گری. شاید شرایط سیاسی و اجتماعی موجود در جوامع نکبت زده جهانی، نویسندگان را به این سبک فراخوانده و باعث شده نویسنده با زبانی رمزگونه و تلفیق نمادین واقعیت وخیال، واقعیت های جامعه را به تصویر کشد. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی مؤلفه های رئالیسم جادویی در دو رمان شجره العابد از عمار علی و « کافکا در کرانه » از موراکامی پرداخته است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد که عناصر وهم وخیال، تنهایی، اوضاع سیاسی-اجتماعی، سکوت و بایکوت اختیاری، حضور موجودات فراحسی، ورازگونگی وپوچ گرایی در این دو رمان استعمال شده است. عناصری چون استحاله و دگردیسی و صوفی گری تنها در رمان شجره العابد، و مؤلفه هایی چون پوچ گرایی وفضای متعفن فقط در رمان کافکا کاربرد داشته است. برجسته ترین این مؤلفه ها در شجره العابد ترسیم فضای تعفن آلود و جنبه متصوفانه بوده، و مؤلفه های برجسته رمان کافکا تقابل، پوچ انگاری و رازگونگی بوده است. عمار علی به اوضاع نابسامان جامعه، مسائل اجتماعی و نمادهای عرفانی پرداخته است، اما موراکامی به مسائل انسانی در جامعه خود از جمله به تنهایی، پوچی ومرگ ومسائل فرهنگی اشاره کرده است. گاه نیز اشارات فراواقعی موراکامی قهری، انقباضی، انزواطلبانه و از روی اعتماد به عناصر مادی بوده، در حالیکه نگاه غالب در نزد عمار علی انبساطی، خودخواسته، غیرمادی وعاطفه محور بوده است.A Re-reading of the Two Novels Kafka on the Bank by Murakami and Shagarat al-Abid by Ammar Ali from the Point of View of Magical Realism Propositions
Basically, real symbols are unimaginative, and abstract concepts and forms are not fundamentally connected to realist symbols. However, literature carries a tradition that creates an inseparable connection between these two heterogeneous aspects of illogical thought, so that sometimes the boundary between them becomes indistinguishable. The political and social conditions in the world's troubled societies have likely inspired writers to adopt this style, prompting them to depict societal realities through a mysterious language and a symbolic combination of reality and imagination. This research has analyzed the components of magical realism in the two novels "The Tree of Al-Abid" by Ammar Ali and Kafka on the Bank by Murakami using a descriptive-analytical method. In both novels, elements such as fantasy and imagination, loneliness, socio-political situation, silence and voluntary boycott, the presence of extrasensory beings, disguise, and absurdity are prominently featured. Elements such as metamorphosis and Sufism appear exclusively in Shagarat al-Abid's novel, while absurdism and a stifling atmosphere were used only in Kafka's novel. The most prominent of these components in Shagarat al-Abid is the depiction of a stinky atmosphere and a mystical themes, whereas Kafka's novel is characterized by contrast, absurdity, and diversity. Ammar Ali addresses societal disorder, social problems, and mystical concerns, while Murakami focuses on human issues in his society, including loneliness, emptiness and death, and cultural issues.
Introduction :
Magical realism is a branch of literary realism in which transformed realities coexist with the real world, connected through cause-and-effect relationships. On one hand, mental or metaphysical elements are portrayed as stable, eternal, and immortal elements, and they are fundamentally distant from the materialistic and tangible elements that can be measured and seen in the real world. Therefore, the mixture, combination, or application of the deep structural components of these two disparate, and sometimes contradictory, literary types requires a conscious approach and the use of precise, purposeful tools and measures. This ensures that, while preserving the originality and literary nature of each type and maintaining a clear and distinct orientation to the dramatic requirements of both genres, they provide a uniform and symmetrical texture from the combination of the heterogeneous components of these two styles, in such a way that mental emanations, fantasy imaginations, and sometimes unbelievable ideas. The author, in the framework of this school, the author integrates objective and quantitative elements in a balanced and non-institutional manner. These elements appear as imaginary or illusory sentences, phrases, or metaphysical predictions—though grounded in real facts—to express societal issues and problems.
Method :
The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytic, which is carried out by referring to textual and citation sources in the context of library evidence, and through a comparative process with the analysis of existing data and confrontational inference. Therefore, the necessity of reaching the implementation mechanisms of such a scheme that presents asymmetrical manifestations of narrative methods in the form of integrated and valuable intellectual components - and that in two completely different literary fields (Japanese and Arabic) - clearly demonstrates the necessity of presenting such a research.
Results and Discussion :
The final and crucial point in this case is the secular, absurdist, and irreligious perspective prevalent in much of Japanese society. This worldview compels Murakami to become trapped in the abyss of nihilism during difficult periods. Through the fusion of some deviant Shinto beliefs such as the pursuit of transcendental concepts and extreme self-surrender, etc., as well as the inability to acquire epistemology and divine intuition, nihilistic propositions are manifested in the mind and language of Murakami's elements, while Ammar Ali is free from deviation in such an abyss. Finally, given the completely different intellectual and cultural atmospheres of the two novels, there is a clear difference and common view among the two authors on this basis, which has been discussed.
Conclusion :
The elements used in the two novels mentioned, from the perspective of magical realism—both common and distinct—can be summarized as follows: the intertwining of reality and fantasy, opposition, loneliness, voluntary silence, extrasensory beings, socio-political issues, mystery, myth, and defamiliarization. Some of these components appear in one story, while others appear in the other. The elements unique to the novel Shajarat al-Abid include transformation and metamorphosis, and a mystic-centered perspective. In contrast, Kafka's novel features elements such as nihilism and a hallucination, and a fetid atmosphere. In both works, the intertwining of reality and fantasy is so skillfully executed that the boundary between the two becomes indistinguishable. Murakami has created an imaginative atmosphere by introducing surreal elements such as a rain of fish and talking cats. The presence of magical and extrasensory beings in both novels is evident and contributes to the enchanting, otherworldly atmosphere of the stories. These elements create a magical ambiance that captivates the reader. The inclusion of these metaphysical beings within the materialistic world serves to bring resolution to the characters' actions.
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