تأثیر حکمرانی محلی بر انسجام ملی در ایران معاصر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این نوشته درصدد پاسخ به این پرسش است که الگوهای مختلف حکمرانی محلی در چند مقطع تاریخ معاصر ایران چه تأثیری بر انسجام ملی (با مؤلفه های اجتماعی، سیاسی و فرهنگی) داشته است؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش، بر مبنای مختصات و روندهای تاریخ معاصر ایران ابتدا انواع حکمرانی محلی شناسایی و سپس با بهره گیری از «روش پژوهش ترکیبی» یعنی روش کیفی تحلیل رخدادها و روندهای تاریخی و نیز روش پیمایش مبتنی بر پرسشنامه محقق ساخته، میزان ارتباط و تعامل الگوی نظام حکمرانی محلی و مؤلفه های انسجام ملی تحلیل و ارزیابی می گردد. در این چهارچوب در بخش پیمایش، 31 نفر از پژوهشگران و نیز کارشناسان ارشد تاریخ معاصر ایران به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شده و پرسشنامه برای ارزیابی تأثیرات انواع حکمرانی محلی بر مؤلفه های سه گانه انسجام ملی در دوره های تاریخی مدنظر، در اختیار آنها قرار گرفت.یافته های پژوهش بیانگر این است که شدت و ضعف مؤلفه های انسجام ملی در دوره های چهارگانه مقطع تاریخی 1275- 1400تحت تأثیر انواع نظام های حکمرانی محلی، متفاوت بوده است. شواهد، روندها و تحولات تاریخی و نیز نظرات کارشناسان در خصوص میزان تأثیر الگوی حکمرانی محلی بر انسجام ملی، حاکی از این است که ضریب انسجام ملی در دوره چهارم یعنی جمهوری اسلامی با کسب نمره 47/3 از 5 نمره ممکن در صدر بوده و دوره مشروطه پس از آن قرار می گیرد و مؤلفه های انسجام ملی در دو دوره پهلوی اول و دوم از ضرایب پایین تری برخوردار بوده است.Local Governance and Its Impact on National Cohesion in Contemporary Iran
By the end of the twentieth century, it became evident that a highly centralized model of government was a source of crisis, and that centralization alone could not solve the problems at hand. Supporting local and regional governance through institutions such as local governments has come to be seen as a marker of both development and maturity in societies. Over time, evolving ideas about governance have led societies to pursue more democratic practices and to actively work toward speeding up the democratization process. Essentially, modern governance is about integrating the interests of the state and its people through collaboration and interaction. To facilitate this, governments need to establish mechanisms that create suitable, decentralized structures, enabling various bodies with broad authority and significant responsibility to play active roles in delivering public services. However, the assumption of certain responsibilities by local governments should not be interpreted as undermining or challenging the power of the central government—instead, the central government still holds its supervisory authority over local administration.Throughout Iran’s history, governments have typically been characterized by individualized, absolutist, autocratic, and self-centered approaches. This led to the establishment of a highly centralized system. However, with the success of the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of ideas about the rule of people and citizens’ rights, Iran took its first steps toward breaking away from centralization. This revolution paved the way for the creation of democratic institutions such as the constitution, parliament, and various civic associations. Thereafter, public involvement in determining the country’s future and in forming local bodies—like provincial and municipal councils—became increasingly important, with certain local responsibilities being transferred to these new institutions. As a consequence, changes in leadership brought about shifts in the way national cohesion was understood within the context of local governance. Based on these developments, this paper aims to answer the question: “What impact have the different models of local governance throughout contemporary Iranian history had on national cohesion, considering its social, political, and cultural dimensions?”MethodologyTo address this question, the study first identifies various types of local governance. It then employs a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative analysis of historical events and trends with quantitative survey research utilizing questionnaires. In this regard, 31 researchers and senior experts in contemporary Iranian history were purposefully selected and asked to complete a questionnaire designed to assess the relationship between local governance models and the elements of national cohesion.Discussion and ResultsThe findings indicate that the impact of different local governance systems on national cohesion has varied significantly across four historical periods (according to the Iranian calendar, 1275–1400 [1896-2021]). Evidence, drawn from historical trends and expert opinions, suggests that the highest level of national cohesion was achieved during the fourth period—corresponding to the Islamic Republic—which received a score of 3.47 out of 5. The Constitutional period followed, while both the first and second Pahlavi periods reported lower cohesion scores.ConclusionIn the final analysis, it is clear that local governance in Iran was traditionally characterized by appointed, undemocratic, and top-down practices until the Constitutional Revolution. Modern local governance began with that revolution and has evolved considerably over the past century. The study finds that before the Islamic Revolution, city councils served as the symbol of local governance in Iran, whereas afterward, Islamic city councils took on that role. An examination of the laws, institutions, associations, and urban local councils reveals that despite some common themes, there have been significant differences influenced by the pressures of the times, the power of the ruling government, and the ongoing struggle between centralization (dominated by the central government) and decentralization (promoted by local councils and associations). Ultimately, brief periods of decentralization have given way to a prevailing trend of centralization, primarily due to the absence of a deep democratic culture and the authoritarian nature of the central governments.
تبلیغات
