مطالعه معماری پایدار و پدافند غیر عامل در خانه های تیموری با خوانش سه بُعدی و تاکید بر نگاره فرار یوسف از زلیخا
آرشیو
چکیده
مدارک تصویری نقش مهمی در مطالعه تاریخ معماری ایران دارد. با توجه به کمبود مدارک در مورد خانه های تیموری یکی از راه های شناخت و احیای اصول معماری ایرانی-اسلامی، رجوع به نقاشی ایرانی است. در نگاره فرار یوسف از زلیخا به طور هنرمندانه ای جلوه های مختلف هنر و معماری دوره تیموری تصویر شده است. این پژوهش با بازنمایی سه بعدی خانه های دوره تیموری با کمک نگاره فرار یوسف از زلیخا ابعاد فضایی و کارکردی معماری تیموری را بازخوانی کرده، به تحلیل اصول معماری پایدار و پدافند غیرعامل در آن می پردازد؛ لذا در پی پاسخ به این پرسش اصلی است که مصادیق معماری پایدار و پدافند غیر عامل در معماری خانه های دوره تیموری چگونه نمود یافته است؟ این پژوهش ازنظر هدف کاربردی با رویکرد تطبیقی و ازنظر روش توصیفی-تحلیلی است. برای جمع آوری داده ها از منابع کتابخانه ای و از نرم افزار اتوکد و تری دی مکس برای مدل سه بُعدی استفاده شده است. یافته ها نشان می دهد خانه های تیموری، یک یا دوطبقه، دارای ایوان، طاق و قوس همراه با تزیینات کاشی و پله ها در حیاط و نزدیک ورودی است. بالکن با تیر های چوبی و سقف هرمی از ویژگی بیشتر خانه ها بوده است. خانه ها دارای ویژگی های پایداری مانند استفاده بهینه از منابع، تهویه طبیعی و تطبیق با اقلیم بوده اند. عناصر معماری نظیر دیوارهای ضخیم، حیاط مرکزی و تقسیم بندی فضایی، نقش مهمی در کاهش آسیب پذیری ایفا کرده اند. این تحلیل بیانگر آن است که هنر و معماری تیموری به صورت هماهنگ در خدمت ایجاد محیطی امن و پایدار قرار داشته اند. این پژوهش بر اهمیت بازخوانی میراث معماری گذشته در طراحی های معاصر تأکید دارد.Study of Sustainable Architecture and Passive Defense in Timurid Houses with a Three-Dimensional Reading and Emphasis on the Miniature of Yusuf's Escape from Zuleikha
Visual documents play a significant role in studying the history of Iranian architecture. Given the limited available evidence concerning Timurid houses, one valuable approach to understanding and reviving the principles of Iranian-Islamic architecture is the analysis of Persian miniature paintings. The miniature Yusuf’s Escape from Zuleikha artistically depicts various aspects of Timurid art and architecture. This research aims to analyze the spatial and functional dimensions of Timurid architecture by reconstructing Timurid houses in 3D based on the miniature Yusuf’s Escape from Zuleikha and examining the principles of sustainable architecture and passive defense embedded within.The main research question is: How are the principles of sustainable architecture and passive defense manifested in the architecture of Timurid houses?Methods:This applied study adopts a comparative approach and utilizes descriptive-analytical methods. Data collection was conducted through library research, and 3D models were developed using AutoCAD and 3ds Max software.Results: Through the analysis and 3D reconstruction of Timurid houses based on the miniature Yusuf’s Escape from Zuleikha, key aspects such as proportions, spatial organization, and architectural features relevant to sustainability and passive defense were examined. Timurid houses were typically one or two stories high and featured verandas, arches, decorative tilework, and staircases originating from the courtyard near the entrance. Architectural elements such as balconies with wooden beams and pyramid-shaped roofs were commonly observed. These features not only represented aesthetic and artistic values but also demonstrated efficient use of natural resources and environmental sustainability.Elements such as courtyards, verandas, balconies, greenery, water features, and domed roofs enabled natural ventilation and cooling, indicating a sophisticated understanding of climatic and human needs. This reflects the Timurid architects’ efforts to create comfortable living spaces adapted to harsh environmental conditions. The miniature Joseph’s Escape from Zuleikha artistically illustrates several of these architectural components, offering valuable insights into housing during the Timurid era.The study reveals that Timurid houses were not only visually impressive but also incorporated principles of sustainability and passive defense. Features such as courtyards, entrance halls, wooden doors and windows with stained-glass panels (to reduce debris impact), verandas designed to absorb shock waves, the clear separation between public and private spaces, balconies fostering interior-exterior connectivity, and domes facilitating balanced load distribution all contributed to structural resilience. External staircases functioned as effective emergency exits during crises. Overall, Timurid aristocratic residences exemplified a thoughtful integration of sustainable strategies and defensive design principles, harmonizing architecture with the environment. These principles are clearly reflected in contemporary artistic miniatures. Their intelligent design and use of local, natural materials enabled them to withstand both environmental and human threats.These findings underscore the significance of revisiting historical models of sustainable and resilient architecture. Analyzing these miniatures and traditional structures provides a deeper understanding of human-environment interaction and supports the development of sustainable design solutions in the modern era.Discussion: Although the modern concept of sustainability did not exist during the Timurid period, their architecture inherently incorporated numerous sustainable practices. These traditional strategies included natural temperature regulation, the use of local materials, and intelligent spatial configurations aimed at improving energy efficiency. For instance, Timurid houses were designed to maximize natural light and airflow. Thick adobe, clay, or stone walls were used to block intense summer sunlight, prevent overheating, and function as thermal masses-absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night to stabilize indoor temperatures.Amid growing concerns over the environmental impact of the construction industry, concepts such as embodied energy and carbon emissions in building materials have become increasingly important. Embodied energy refers to the total energy used throughout a material’s life cycle, from extraction to disposal. Lower embodied energy implies reduced carbon emissions during production, transportation, and application, resulting in a smaller carbon footprint (Akbariyeh et al., 2016; Shayanfar et al., 2016). Since construction materials in the Timurid era were typically sourced locally, energy consumption and environmental impact were significantly reduced.Passive defense was also subtly embedded in the architectural design and construction techniques of the Timurid era. These measures enhanced the durability of structures, protected residents, and minimized damage from invasions, natural disasters, and erosion. Architectural features such as thick walls and watchtowers offered strong resistance to military threats. Additionally, strategic site selection-such as proximity to city centers and water sources-was a crucial factor in improving resilience during crises. The use of durable materials like brick and high-strength mortar enhanced resistance to earthquakes and attacks, while tall, thick walls further safeguarded inhabitants.Timurid miniatures often depict buildings integrated with gardens and greenery, a design that not only enhanced aesthetics but also functioned as natural camouflage, making structures appear less vulnerable. The spatial flexibility of Timurid architecture allowed for adaptive use during emergencies. However, from a passive defense perspective, sharp wall corners were suboptimal, with curved surfaces offering better resistance. Similarly, excessive ornamentation could compromise camouflage effectiveness.
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