مدل ساختاری شادکامی بر اساس ذهن آگاهی با نقش میانجی هوش هیجانی، شفقت به خود و تاب آوری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش میانجی هوش هیجانی، شفقت به خود و تاب آوری در رابطه بین ذهن آگاهی و شادکامی بود. روش پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی، از نوع مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه دانشجویان کارشناسی دانشگاه اصفهان در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 بود. ۳۷۳ نفر با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای انتخاب شدند. جهت گردآوری اطلاعات، از فرم کوتاه پرسش نامه شادکامی آکسفورد، فرم کوتاه سیاهه ذهن آگاهی فرایبورگ، پرسش نامه هوش هیجانی برادبری و گریوز، فرم کوتاه مقیاس شفقت به خود و فرم کوتاه مقیاس تاب آوری کانر-دیویدسون استفاده شد. برای تحلیل دا ده ها، از روش ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. یافته ها نشان داد که اثر مستقیم ذهن آگاهی بر شادکامی، هوش هیجانی و شفقت به خود، همچنین، اثرات مستقیم هوش هیجانی و شفقت به خود بر تاب آوری و شادکامی معنادار است. به علاوه، هوش هیجانی، شفقت به خود و تاب آوری، رابطه بین ذهن آگاهی و شادکامی را میانجی گری می کنند و اثر مسیر غیرمستقیم ذهن آگاهی بر شادکامی معنادار است به این صورت که ذهن آگاهی با افزایش هوش هیجانی و شفقت به خود منجر به افزایش تاب آوری می شود و با افزایش تاب آوری، شادکامی افزایش می یابد. این یافته ها دارای تلویحات کاربردی مهم برای مداخله های آموزشی-مشاوره ای جهت بهبود شادکامی است.The Structural Model of Happiness Based on Mindfulness with Mediator Role of Emotional Intelligence, Self-Compassion and Resilience
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of emotional intelligence, self-compassion and resilience in the relationship between mindfulness and happiness. The method of this descriptive-correlational research was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students of Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran in the academic year of 1400-1401. According to the Krejcie and Morgan table, 373 people were selected by using cluster sampling method. The Researchers used the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form, the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory-Short Form, the Bradberry and Greaves Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-Short Form to collect the data. Pearson's correlation coefficient method and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. In addition, the findings showed that the significant direct effect of mindfulness on happiness, emotional intelligence and self-compassion. Also, the direct effects of emotional intelligence and self-compassion on resilience and happiness were significant. In addition, emotional intelligence, self-compassion, and resilience mediated the relationship between mindfulness and happiness. Moreover, the indirect effect of mindfulness on happiness was significant in that mindfulness leads to an increase in resilience by enhancing emotional intelligence and self-compassion, while it improves happiness by increasing resilience. These findings have important practical implications for educational-counseling interventions to improve happiness.IntroductionThe pursuit of happiness has intrigued humanity for centuries (Diener et al., 2009), however, the modern understanding of happiness is relatively recent (Salvi et al., 2021). With the rise of positive psychology, the focus has shifted from addressing negative traits to fostering positive ones (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). Happiness, or subjective well-being, is defined as how well individuals perceive their lives, encompassing life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect (Diener et al., 2018). Despite its complexity, further research is needed to enhance well-being, which is crucial at both individual and societal levels (Rastelli et al., 2021). Key factors influencing happiness include mindfulness, emotional intelligence, self-compassion, and resilience.Mindfulness involves a non-judgmental awareness of present experiences and it is positively correlated with life satisfaction and positive affect, while inversely relates to negative affect (Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Schutte & Malouff, 2011). It also fosters emotional intelligence (Nadler et al., 2020; Miao et al., 2018) and enhances self-compassion (Baer et al., 2012; Golden et al., 2021). Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize and manage emotions in oneself and others (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). Emotional intelligence significantly contributes to resilience (Droppert et al., 2019) and happiness. Self-compassion entails treating oneself kindly during difficult times and is linked to mental health and resilience (Bakker et al., 2019; McArthur et al., 2017), showing a positive correlation with happiness. Resilience, a protective health factor, aids in coping with adversity and achieving positive outcomes despite challenges (Bajaj & Pande, 2016; Kirmani et al., 2015; Vella & Pai, 2019). It significantly influences subjective well-being and happiness (Lü et al., 2014; Mei et al., 2021). This study hypothesized a conceptual model to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and happiness with the mediation of emotional intelligence, self-compassion and resilience.Figure 1Proposed conceptual modelMethodThis study used a descriptive-correlation method and structural equation modeling to answer to the research questions. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students of Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran in 2021-2022. A sample of 373 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Finally, by removing outlier data, the answers of 324 students were analyzed. Measurement tools included Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory-Short Form, Bradberry and Greaves’ Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Self-compassion Scale-Short Form and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-Short Form. After collecting the data, they were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient method and structural equation modeling. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS- AMOS24 statistical software.ResultsThe structural equation model goodness of fit results showed that the research model had a desirable overall fit. Table 1 presents the direct and indirect paths.Table 2Direct and Indirect Path CoefficientsC.IPS.E Path-0.238-0.6870.330.230.21MindfulnessgHappiness0.851-0.940<0.0010.0230.89MindfulnessgEmotional Intelligence0.773-0.899<0.0010.0310.84MindfulnessgSelf Compassion0.107-0.7380.0130.150.42Emotional Intelligence g Happiness-0.156-0.4800.300.160.15Self-Compassion g Happiness0.522-0.853<0.0010.0860.69Emotional Intelligence g Resilience0.096-0.4440.0050.090.27Self-Compassion g Resilience0.028-0.1810.0110.0390.09Resilienceg Happiness-0.026-0.2830.100.0780.11MindfulnessgEmotional IntelligencegHappiness0.030-0.1170.250.0380.038MindfulnessgSelf CompassiongHappiness0.021-0.1260.010.0260.068Emotional Intelligence g ResiliencegHappiness0.006-0.0700.0090.0160.027Self-Compassion g ResiliencegHappiness0.151-1.0070.010.0210.59MindfulnessgEmotional Intelligence, Self-Compassion gHappiness**p<0/01,*p<0/05In order to determine the fit of the proposed model, structural equation modeling with the maximum likelihood method was used. Considering that the modified model fulfills the acceptable values, therefore the research model has a favorable fit. In order to investigate the research hypotheses and evaluate the direct and indirect effects, the bootstrap method was used. The total effect of mindfulness on happiness was significant (β=0/80, p<0/001), but the direct effect of mindfulness on happiness was not significant (β=0/210, p <0/05). While the direct effect of mindfulness on emotional intelligence (β=0.899, p <0.001) and the direct effect of mindfulness on self-compassion (β=0/84, p <0/001) were significant. In addition, the direct effect of emotional intelligence on happiness (p <0/001, β=0/421) was significant. Also, the direct effect of self-compassion on happiness was significant (p <0/001, β=0/157). However, mindfulness did not affect happiness through emotional intelligence and self-compassion. On the other hand, the direct effect of emotional intelligence on resilience (p <0/001, β=0/690) and the direct effect of self-compassion on resilience (p <0/01, β=0/277) were significant. Therefore, mindfulness influenced resilience through emotional intelligence and self-compassion and then affected happiness. Therefore, when emotional intelligence, self-compassion and resilience were entered as mediators in the relationship between mindfulness and happiness, the indirect path effect of mindfulness on happiness was significant. ConclusionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of emotional intelligence, self-compassion and resilience in the relationship between mindfulness and happiness. The results of the data analysis showed that the conceptual model of the research had a good fit and mindfulness influenced resilience and happiness through emotional intelligence and self-compassion. Based on the results of the current research, mindfulness had a significant positive correlation with happiness. It can be claimed that higher mindfulness is basically related to higher happiness (Huta & Ryan, 2010). In fact, mindfulness is associated with higher positive affect, lower negative affect, and higher life satisfaction (Brown & Ryan, 2003).In explaining the results of the conceptual model test of the current research, it can be said that some preliminary evidence suggests that higher levels of mindfulness are associated with more adaptive emotional functioning, operationalized as emotional intelligence. (Baer et al., 2004; Brown & Ryan, 2003). Mechanisms underlying mindfulness include people's receptive attention to their psychological states, which is one aspect of emotional intelligence (Brown & Ryan, 2003). People with high mindfulness and a high level of emotional intelligence have better adaptability and coping capabilities (Mesmer-Magnus et al., 2017). Hence, the core characteristics of mindfulness are associated with emotional intelligence (Miao et al., 2018), which can subsequently foster resilience (Ristić & Hizarci-Payne, 2020). On the other hand, mindfulness is considered as the foundation and important component of compassion. His is possibly because compassion for self and others is created in the space of openness, awareness and acceptance of experience (Gilbert, 2010; Tirch, 2010). Mindfulness helps people see and accept the present moment as it is, therefore, mindful people are more likely to be aware of moments when they need self-compassion. Self-compassion can help people to protect themselves from stress and improve their ability to cope with different situations, because they do not judge themselves for failure and without negative thoughts, they can respond to the situation of failure (Breines & Chen, 2012). Also, the research results of Wong and Mak (2013), Heath et al. (2017) and McArthur et al. (2017) have shown the relationship between self-compassion and resilience. Mindfulness affects resilience by affecting emotional intelligence, and on the other hand, by affecting self-compassion, it can affect resilience and finally, resilience affects happiness. This situation strengthens cognitive and affective evaluations about happiness (Ulukan & Ulukan, 2021) as resilience makes it easier to cope with negative emotions and has a positive effect on personal evaluations. The study has limitations, including potential discrepancies between participants' self-reported answers and their actual feelings. The study only included the students at Isfahan University; thus, the findings should be generalized to other contexts with population. Additionally, factors such as ethnicity, culture, and economics, which may influence happiness were not considered. Future research should aim to address and control these variables.Ethical ConsiderationsCompliance with Ethical Guidelines: The study was derived from the corresponding author’s M.A. thesis at University of Kashan.Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed to the preparation of the final manuscript.Conflict of Interest: The authors report no conflict of interest.Funding: This study was conducted with no financial support.Acknowledgment: Authors express our gratitude to all the students of Isfahan University who contributed to this research. *. Corresponding author
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