نهادینه شدن انفاق در کرمانشاه و چالش های پیش روی آن
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف پژوهش بررسی تاریخی نهادینه شدن انفاق در شهر کرمانشاه بوده است. برای نیل به هدف پژوهش از روش ترکیبی (پژوهش کیفی و تحلیل اسنادی) استفاده شده است. سیر تاریخی وقف با منابع تاریخی و سالنامه آماری کمیته امداد امام خمینی بررسی شده و برای شیوه نهادینه شدن وقف و پیامدهای آن از روش کیفی و مصاحبه عمیق با شاغلان اداره اوقاف، کمیته امداد امام خمینی، مؤسسه های خیریه و صاحب نظران استفاده شده است. یافته ها نشان داد عوامل ضرورت اجتماعی، فرهنگ دینی و انسانی و فرهنگ سیاسی در نهادینه شدن انفاق نقش داشته اند. کارکرد انفاق در شهر کرمانشاه شامل تأمین اجتماعی، مصرف دینی و مذهبی و مصرف اقتصادی و زیربنایی بوده است. نهاد وقف با چالش های اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اداری، ارتباطی و نظارتی مواجه بوده است. درآمد مشارکت های مردمی کمیته امداد به دلیل اقتصاد ضعیف کرمانشاه کم بوده است و همچنین، هزینه های کمیته امداد در استان کرمانشاه به نسبت جمعیت تحت پوشش در مقایسه با میانگین کشوری کمتر بوده است؛ به همین دلیل، سیاست های فقرزدایی کمیته امداد و اوقاف در استان کرمانشاه در برابر افزایش حجم فقرا در جامعه کارساز نبوده و نیازمند تغییر رویه های سیاست گذاری در زمینه تقویت بنیه اقتصاد کلان جامعه و همچنین اقتصاد خانواده ها است.Institutionalization of Donation in Kermanshah and its Challenges
IntroductionSince ancient times when modern governments did not exist, the concern for social security and the requirements of society have led to the formation of endowments and endowments, and they have also been approved and encouraged by religions and rulers. The specific conditions and regulations of each region, considering the emergence of a specific religious sect, have impacted the type and function of charitable foundations, institutions, and associations, and each sect has carried out charitable acts with its ideological views. Kermanshah, as one of the metropolises of Iran, has been a pioneer in doing good and giving to the disadvantaged. The urban space of Kermanshah has been affected by endowments, and its weak economy has also increased the number of poor people. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the status of the activities of charitable institutions such as the Endowments and the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) to study the role of changes and developments in these institutions in this field, so that the challenges of charity and endowments are clarified and the basis for policy proposals is prepared. Therefore, in this research, we seek to answer these questions: What has been the historical course of charity in Kermanshah? How has charity been institutionalized in Kermanshah? What are the activities of charity organizations in Kermanshah province? What are the effects of charity on society? What are the challenges facing charity in Kermanshah? Research MethodologyThe present study was a mixed method, using documentary data for the spending situation in the province and a qualitative method for the challenges and obstacles in Kermanshah province. In the documentary section, documents and texts that show the history of endowment in Kermanshah province were used, and data from the Kermanshah Provincial Relief Committee and statistical yearbooks of the Relief Committee were used to examine the status of the relief committee's activities. The target population in the qualitative section was employees in endowment offices, relief committees and charitable institutions, donors in Kermanshah city, and experts. The sampling method was purposeful and theoretical. The sample size reached 18 people until theoretical saturation. The data collection method was researcher-made interviews (semi-structured). The method of data analysis in this study was to analyze and extract concepts and categories using content analysis.Research FindingsAccording to written records or oral tradition, four out of six parts of Kermanshah city have been endowed in the past. The history of the endowment of four out of six parts of Kermanshah city goes back even to the Safavid era. Of the endowment documents of Kermanshah, 171 documents are written in the traditional or ordinary form (69.2%) and 76 are written in official form (30.8%). Kermanshah province has 2177 endowments and 54586 endowment units. The number of households and population covered by the relief committee in 1401 in Kermanshah was 81359 households and 167860 people. The number of households covered has increased by almost 30% during 8 years (1393 to 1401). Although the total population of the province has also increased slightly during the aforementioned years, the increase in the covered population indicates the increase in the economic and social problems of the society and the impoverishment of the society. The cost of subsistence assistance for Kermanshah was higher than the national average and the cost of housing for Kermanshah was lower than the national average. The factors for the formation of charitable institutions, according to the interviewees, are social necessity, religious and human culture, and political culture, which in the city of Kermanshah played an important role in the institutionalization of charitable activities in this city due to the communication route of the holy shrines in the past, and in a way led to the polarization of endowments in the provincial center compared to other regions of the province. The interviewees described the methods of payment of donors in two traditional and modern forms. Due to the weak economy of Kermanshah, the role of the political economy of society in increasing the number of poor people, and the government's duty to provide livelihoods for the needy, the level of participation in charitable affairs is low. Charitable expenditures in Kermanshah included social security, religious consumption, and economic consumption (infrastructure and social and economic projects). Supervision of charitable institutions took three forms: organizational supervision, modern supervision, and popular supervision. According to the interviewees, the most important challenges of the endowment institution were social, cultural, administrative, communication, and supervision. Discussion and ConclusionKermanshah province, due to its communication location on the route to the holy shrines, has increased the motivation of donors to endow their land, properties, and assets. For this reason, there has been a lot of endowment land in Kermanshah city. Such a situation has played a role in the urban space and the increase in the population of Kermanshah city residents, and at times it has prevented the change and use of land and properties, and as a result, it has hindered urban development. The documents of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) in the field of public participation income and its expenditures showed that due to the weak economy of Kermanshah and the extent of its poverty, the income of the relief committee in Kermanshah province has been lower than the national average, and the expenses of the relief committee in Kermanshah province have been low per percentage of households and population covered in the province. The expenses of the relief committee in Kermanshah province have been more in the form of livelihood assistance than in the areas of job creation, housing provision, etc., and therefore have not led to the eradication of poverty. In other provinces, the share of housing provision, employment and entrepreneurship facilities, etc. has been higher than in Kermanshah province. Therefore, changing this practice can help reduce the poor population in Kermanshah. Considering the economic and social situation and the level of development of Kermanshah province, to compensate for the decrease in the poor population, if the share of services provided to Kermanshah province does not increase compared to the national average over time, it will continue to lead to an increase in the bottom deciles of society.
تبلیغات
