Participation

The study aimed to examine the gender-adjusted impact of personality factors on the motivations of e-sports participants. Descriptive research was conducted using structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 763 individuals (599 men and 164 women) selected through simple random sampling, with statistical power set at 80% and a significance level of 0.01. The research variables, including participation structure and personality traits, were measured using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) short-form questionnaire (Gassling et al., 2003) and the Motivational Participation Questionnaire` of Cianfrone et al. (2011). The findings supported all research hypotheses regarding the personality traits and motivations of e-sports players, even after adjusting for gender. The results indicated that brunerism, consensus, duty, psychology, and acceptance of experience were significant motivators for e-sports players, and the gender-adjusted analysis confirmed the research hypotheses in both male and female groups. Therefore, considering the personalities of e-sports players in sports marketing can enhance their engagement, as their motivations to participate are influenced by their traits.

The environment of the seas is one of the global concerns, the effects and consequences of which cannot be hidden in the political, economic,and security fields of the coastal countries or all the governments of the world.This is because today most of the countries of the world benefit directly or indirectly from the benefits of the seas.Based on this, the concern of the present research is to be able to address the responsibility of the coastal states in protecting the environment of the seas by relying on the principle of participation.The question of the current research is,what are the solutions to make the coastal states responsible for the area of the marine environment?In line with this question,the findings of the present research have shown that making the coastal states responsible requires creating a balance between the economic interests of the states and environmental groups.Also,relying on scientific and research findings concerning the opinion of experts,the principles of international maritime law,and also modeling some regional treaties such as European maritime laws or restrictions imposed by the Australian government,is a suitable support for Identifying the rights and duties of coastal states. Also,the participation of the coastal states automatically and with their supervision is not a solution. This is because the coastal states have interests in marine resources, and in return, the role of non-governmental organizations, civil society, and free media should be taken into account to identify the environmental problems of the seas and also provide solutions from them citing cases of pollution, the contribution of each government and The amount of responsibility of that government is specific. In the current research, due to the critical nature of the topics, the theoretical framework of problem-solving, which originates from critical theory, was used. Also, the research method is descriptive and analytical using library tools.